Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Equity .................................................................1 Equity ................................................................................1 Historical Background ..................................................................2 Fusion of Law and Equity ..............................................................4 Maxims of Equity ......................................................................5 (a) Equity Follows the Law ...........................................................6 (b) Equity will not Suffer a Wrong to be Without a Remedy . ..........................6 (c) Equity Acts in Personam ..........................................................6 (d) He Who Seeks Equity Must Do Equity ............................................7 (e) He Who Comes into Equity Must Come with Clean Hands . 7 (f) Delay Defeats Equity .............................................................8 (g) Equality is Equity . ...............................................................8 (h) Equity Looks to the Intent Rather than the Form ....................................8 (i) Equity Looks on that as Done Which Ought to have been Done ......................9 (j) Equity Imputes an Intention to Fulfill an Obligation .................................9 (k) & (l) Where the Equities are Equal, the First in Time Prevails; Where the Equities are Equal, the Law Prevails ........................................................9 Equitable Interests and Equities . .......................................................10 CHAPTER 2 Injunctions ...........................................................................11 Principles Governing the Grant of Perpetual Injunctions ..................................12 Introduction .......................................................................12 Adequacy of Damages . ......................................................13 Conduct of the Parties ..............................................................14 Laches and Acquiescence ............................................................16 Effect on Third Parties .............................................................17 Damages in Lieu of Injunction ......................................................18 Principles Governing the Grant of Interlocutory Injunctions . 19 Introduction .......................................................................19 The Test for the Grant of an Interlocutory Injunction . ................................20 Circumstances in Which a Departure from Campus Oil Guidelines Justified . 23 Where the Trial of the Action is Unlikely . 23 Where There is no Arguable Defence to the Plaintiff’s Claim ............................24 Where an Interlocutory Injunction is Sought in the Context of a Trade Dispute . ..........24 Where an Interlocutory in Junction is Sought in Proceedings for Defamation or Where the Right to Freedom of Expression is at Issue ..................................25 Where an Interlocutory Injunction is Sought to Restrain the Presentation of a Petition for the Winding Up of a Company . 27 Where an Interlocutory Injunction is Sought in a Public Law Context . 27 Principles Governing the Grant of Mandatory Injunctions . ........................28 Principles Governing the Grant of Quia Timet Injunctions ..............................32 V vi Table of Contents Specific Situations in which an Injunction will be Granted ................................33 To Restrain a Breach of Contract ....................................................33 Contracts for Personal Services . ......................................................34 Employment Injunctions . ..........................................................35 To Restrain the Commission or Continuance of a Tort . ..............................37 To Restrain a Breach of Constitutional Rights . 37 To Protect Public Rights . ..........................................................38 Mareva Injunctions .................................................................39 Anton Pillar Orders ................................................................43 Bayer Injunctions . 46 CHAPTER 3 Specific Performance .................................................................49 General Principles . ....................................................49 Damages in Lieu or in Addition to Specific Performance ................................50 Specific Performance of Particular Types of Contracts .....................................51 Contracts Requiring Supervision . 51 Contracts to Build or Repair . .....................................................53 Sale of Land . ....................................................................55 Sale of Personal Property . 57 Defences to an Action for Specific Performance .......................................58 Lack of Mutuality . ................................................................58 Misrepresentation . 59 Mistake . ........................................................................60 Laches............................................................................61 Hardship ..........................................................................62 Illegality . .......................................................................63 Impossibility and Frustration . ....................................................63 CHAPTER 4 Rescission ............................................................................67 Principles Governing Rescission . 67 Grounds for Rescission ................................................................68 Mistake . ........................................................................68 Misrepresentation . 69 Undue Influence ...................................................................70 Undue Influence and Third Parties ...................................................73 Unconscionable Bargain ............................................................77 Loss of Right to Rescind . ............................................................78 Affirmation, Laches, Acquiescence . 78 Where Restitutio in Integrum is Not Possible ...........................................79 Rights of Third Parties . 79 CHAPTER 5 Rectification ..........................................................................81 Principles Governing Rectification ......................................................81 Common Mistake . 81 Unilateral Mistake . 84 Table of Contents vii Onus of Proof . .......................................................................86 Discretionary Factors ..................................................................87 Types of Instruments Which can be Rectified . ..........................................87 CHAPTER 6 Equitable Estoppel ...................................................................89 Promissory Estoppel ..................................................................89 Proprietary Estoppel ..................................................................91 Assurance . 91 Reliance . .........................................................................92 Detriment . .......................................................................92 Categories of Cases in which Proprietary Estoppel may Arise . ............................93 Imperfect Gifts .......................................................................94 Common Expectation .................................................................94 Unilateral Mistake . 96 Unconscionability . ..................................................................97 Overlap between Promissory and Proprietary Estoppel . .................................100 CHAPTER 7 Tracing ..............................................................................103 Tracing at Common Law . ..........................................................103 Tracing at Equity ....................................................................104 General Principles . 104 Tracing in Accounts .................................................................106 Fiduciary Relationship ...............................................................108 Loss of Tracing Rights . ............................................................109 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Equity IN THIS CHAPTER Equity . ...............................................................[1–01] Historical Background . [1–07] Fusion of Law and Equity . [1–15] Maxims of Equity . [1–19] (a) Equity Follows the Law . [1–21] (b) Equity will not Suffer a Wrong to be Without a Remedy . ........................[1–24] (c) Equity Acts in Personam .......................................................[1–26] (d) He Who Seeks Equity Must Do Equity . ....................................[1–29] (e) He Who Comes into Equity Must Come With Clean Hands ......................[1–31] (f) Delay Defeats Equity . [1–34] (g) Equality is Equity . [1–38] (h) Equity Looks to the Intent Rather than the Form . ................................[1–40] (i) Equity Looks on that as Done Which Ought to have been Done . [1–42] (j) Equity Imputes an Intention to Fulfill an Obligation ..............................[1–45] (k) & (l) Where the Equities are Equal, the First in Time Prevails; Where the Equities are Equal, the Law Prevails . ...........................................[1–46] Equitable Interests and Equities . [1–48] EQUITY Equity is a body of rules and principles which were developed and administered by the Court of [1–01] Chancery in England prior to the enactment