Botany in Medieval and Renaissance Universities Karen Meier Reeds Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London 1991 Contents List of Illustrations Preface Note on Names and Texts 1. The Character of Botany in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance 3 Introduction 3 The Community of Botanists 7 Botany and the Reformation 13 Ancient Sources of Renaissance Botany 14 Looking at Plants 24 Learning from Druggists and Herbalists 24 Emending Classical Texts 26 Drawing Plants from Nature 28 Collecting Plants 33 Conclusion: Anatomy and Botany 36 2. Botany at the University of Montpellier in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 39 Introduction 39 The Study of Simples at the Medieval University 41 The Reformation, Humanism, and the University 47 \ Guillaume Rondelet (1507-1566) and Botany at Montpellier 51 Rondelet's Training as a Doctor and Naturalist 51 Rondelet and Formal Botanical Instruction 56 Rondelet and His Students 63 Botany at Montpellier between Rondelet's Death and Richer de Belleval's Appointment 72 Under Chancellor Antonius Saporta (1566-1573) 72 Under Chancellor Joubertus (1573-1583) 74 Under Chancellor Joannes Hucherus (1583-1603) 78 Pierre Richer de Belleval, Regent Professor of Anatomy and Botany, Founder of the Jardin du Roy at Montpellier 80 Conclusion 91 viii Contents 3. Botany at the University of Basel in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century 93 Introduction 93 The University Reformers and Botany 96 Paracelsus at Basel (1527) 99 Informal Botanical Activities 104 Books 104 Gardens 106 Ties with Foreign Botanists 108 Formal Botanical Instruction 110 Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624), First Professor of Anatomy and Botany at Basel 111 Early Life and Education 111 Bauhin as a Teacher of Botany 116 Bauhin's Botanical Works 120 Conclusion 130 4. Learning Botany from Books 135 Introduction 135 Access to Books 137 Before Printing 137 After Printing 139 Text, Picture, and Plant The Example of Dracontea 145 The Use of Printed Botanical Illustrations 145 Dracontea in Medieval Textbooks 148 Dracontea in Renaissance Printed Herbals 150 Conclusion: Learning Botany from Books 163 Conclusion 167 Notes 171 >. Bibliography 261 Index 285 Illustrations 315 ANNEX "Renaissance Humanism and Botany," Annals of Science 33(1976), 519-542 "Publishing Scholarly Books in the Sixteenth Century," Scholarly Publishing, April 1983, 259-274.