Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different Construction Materials

Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different Construction Materials

Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different Construction Materials A report written under contract to the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Authors: Stephen John (University of Canterbury) Barbara Nebel (Scion) Nicolas Perez (Victoria University of Wellington) Andy Buchanan (University of Canterbury) Research Report 2008-02 Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand Updated May 2009 Acknowledgements. The authors wish to acknowledge the major contributions made by the following; John Eyre (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) Tobias Smith (University of Canterbury) Michael Newcombe (UC) David Drysdale (Scion) Simon Love (Scion) and the assistance given by the following; Richard Seville (Holmes Consulting Group) Iain Nicholls (Warren and Mahoney) Jan Geesink (Arrow International) Graeme Jones (Arrow International) George Baird (Victoria University of Wellington) Andrew Alcorn (VUW) David Yeoh (UC) Stefano Pampanin (UC) Bruce Deam (UC) Massimo Fragiacomo (UC) Morten Gjerde (VUW) Ross Davidson (Davis Langdon) eCubed Building Workshop Limited Postscript This report was drafted during the 2007/08 year. Research carried out by Scion early in 2009 using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies produced new environmental impact datasets specifically for New Zealand building materials. These new datasets, together with more recent information on decomposition in landfills, have been used to substantially revise and update the LCA of the buildings in Chapter 6, as well as the discussions and conclusions. A recent change of Government in New Zealand has announced that there will be a review of the Emissions Trading Scheme legislation and some policies associated with moving NZ towards being more sustainable. This report has not been revised to take account of these events. Contents Glossary...................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 10 2 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 12 3 Background ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Research goals and objectives – MAF RFP POR/7811. .......................................... 14 3.2 Research Team......................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Government Policies Supporting Research.............................................................. 16 3.4 Multi-Storey Timber Buildings................................................................................ 18 3.4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Forms of Multi-Storey Construction................................................................ 18 3.4.3 Typical Structure.............................................................................................. 18 3.4.4 Material selection for multi-storey timber buildings........................................ 18 3.4.4.1 Historical Timber Buildings......................................................................... 19 3.4.4.2 Traditional Heavy Timber Frames ............................................................... 19 3.4.4.3 Light Timber Frame ..................................................................................... 19 3.4.4.4 Cross Laminated Timber.............................................................................. 19 3.4.4.5 Post-tensioned Timber Frames and Walls.................................................... 20 3.4.5 Height Limits for Multi-Storey Construction................................................... 20 3.4.6 References ........................................................................................................ 21 3.5 Structural Timber Innovation Company .................................................................. 21 3.5.1 New Research Consortium............................................................................... 21 3.5.2 Vision ............................................................................................................... 22 3.5.3 STIC Objectives............................................................................................... 22 3.5.4 Scope of Research and Development............................................................... 23 3.5.5 Market Drivers................................................................................................. 24 3.5.6 Objectives......................................................................................................... 24 4 The Buildings................................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Construction Materials for Commercial Buildings .................................................. 25 4.2 Building Design........................................................................................................25 4.3 General Design Concepts......................................................................................... 26 4.3.1 Four Alternative Buildings – Description ........................................................ 27 4.3.2 Common Design Principles.............................................................................. 29 4.3.3 Concrete Building............................................................................................ 31 4.3.3.1 Structural System ......................................................................................... 31 4.3.3.2 Floors and Roof............................................................................................ 31 4.3.3.3 Structural Walls............................................................................................ 32 4.3.3.4 Internal Partitions......................................................................................... 32 4.3.4 Steel Building................................................................................................... 32 4.3.4.1 Structural System ......................................................................................... 32 4.3.4.2 Floor and Roof ............................................................................................. 33 4.3.4.3 Structural Walls............................................................................................ 33 4.3.4.4 Internal Partitions......................................................................................... 33 4.3.5 Timber and TimberPlus Buildings ................................................................... 34 4.3.5.1 Structural System ......................................................................................... 34 4.3.5.2 Floor and Roof ............................................................................................. 35 4.3.5.3 Envelope Walls............................................................................................ 35 4.3.5.4 Internal Partitions......................................................................................... 35 4.3.5.5 Timber Building Finishes............................................................................. 35 4.3.5.6 TimberPlus Building Finishes...................................................................... 35 4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Building Research.................................................................. 37 4.4.1 New Forms of Timber Construction ................................................................ 37 4.4.2 Development of Post-Tensioned Timber Systems........................................... 37 4.4.3 Experimental Investigation.............................................................................. 38 4.4.3.1 Design Flexibility......................................................................................... 39 4.4.3.2 Long-term Effects........................................................................................ 40 5 Operational Energy.......................................................................................................... 41 5.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Operational Energy Simulation................................................................................ 42 5.2.1 Simulation Method........................................................................................... 42 5.2.2 Floor Areas for Simulation............................................................................... 43 5.2.3 Buildings’ Thermal Envelope Descriptions ..................................................... 44 5.2.4 HVAC............................................................................................................... 45 5.2.5 Schedule ........................................................................................................... 46 5.2.6 Energy sources................................................................................................. 46 5.3 Life-Cycle Operational Energy Use......................................................................... 46 5.3.1 Benchmarks for Operational Energy in New Zealand Buildings....................

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