ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY Institute Of Technology An Integrated Approach to Water Supply Planning: Case of Addis Ababa (Nifas Silk Lafto sub city) A Thesis Submitted to the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Water Supply and Environmental Engineering) By: Amsal Eyassu Dalle Advisor: Mebrate T. (Dr) October 2016 An Integrated Approach to Water Supply Planning: Case of Addis Ababa (Nifas Silk Lafto sub city) _____________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT In planning and designing a water supply planning system, the key emphasis for meeting the growing water demand in Addis Ababa and elsewhere in the world is often focused on the endless desire to search for new resources and development of them. Limited effort is devoted to addressing in the issue in an integrated approach which combines the supply and demand side in a sustainable approach. Integrated water supply planning is a significant issue for sustainable development to maximize economy, secure production and minimize environmental impacts. The identification of sustainable water demand management practices is technically challenging because of lack of educated staff and attitude. Over the past few years, however, some efforts were seen in the developed countries to frame the water supply planning issue in an integrated fashion. However, this approach is not being practiced in developing countries, like Ethiopia, where the water supply problem is critical and the effort seems to repeat the track developed countries have taken without making the most out of the late comer position they maintain. With limited availability of water as a resource, the population pressure, the limited financial resource and other socio economic factors the traditional approach of endless investment is limited in its make to be a sustainable solution to water supply problems. The analytical hierarchy process AHP, which is able to provide solutions for problems involved in determining the priorities of various policies, can also be successfully used to approach water policy and management. With regard to water shortage problem in the sub city of Nifas silk lafto, an AHP structure is constructed for helping decision making with a main objective and sub objectives. Among the various water policies, 22 policies are examined, and a set of six constraints is considered as criteria. A system is formed to support the judgments through a 3 round questionnaire for hierarchy in order to diminish the effect of subjective bias and interview with the manager of the sub city branch office of AAWSA. Computations are processed through AHP using excel. The results provide both qualitative and quantitative information on the policies as well as the priorities from the point of view of water supply planning and development. The AHP model gives not only the relative importance of each factor for each level but also the composite weights in relation to the main objective. Key words: Water demand, Demand management, Analytic hierarchy process, Addis Ababa I An Integrated Approach to Water Supply Planning: Case of Addis Ababa (Nifas Silk Lafto sub city) _____________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgments First of all I praise my lord GOD for his speech less gift, help and I wish to express my gratitude to my Advisor, Dr. Mebrate Taffesse for his efforts, useful suggestions and encouragements which provided me valuable guidance. I am thankful to my family and friends for their great support at all the time, especially my mother because without her support the research work would be impossible. I also forward special thanks to Nifas Silk branch staff members of Addis Ababa water and Sewerage authority for their greatest initiative supporting in providing me necessary data‟s. I would like to thank all the woreda‟s residents to replay to my questionaries‟ honestly and on time by supporting my ideas. Finally, I wish to thank all those who have helped me by one way or another during this research. II An Integrated Approach to Water Supply Planning: Case of Addis Ababa (Nifas Silk Lafto sub city) _____________________________________________________________________ Table of contents Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. I Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... II Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ III Contents ...................................................................................................................................... III List of figures ............................................................................................................................. VI List of tables ............................................................................................................................... VI Appendices ............................................................................................................................... VII List of acronyms and abbreviation .......................................................................................... VIII 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research objective .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research questions ............................................................................................................. 3 1.5 Significance of the study .................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Scope and limitation of the study ....................................................................................... 4 1.7 Thesis organization ............................................................................................................. 4 2. Literature review ................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Water demand management ............................................................................................... 6 2.2 Why Water Demand Management, Benefits ...................................................................... 7 2.3 Water Demand Management Measures .............................................................................. 7 2.3.1 Categories ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.4 Measures applied by the water service provider ............................................................... 10 2.4.1 Addis Ababa water and sewerage authority .................................................................. 10 III An Integrated Approach to Water Supply Planning: Case of Addis Ababa (Nifas Silk Lafto sub city) _____________________________________________________________________ 2.4.1.1 Increase system efficiency .......................................................................................... 10 2.4.1.2 Economic measures: ................................................................................................... 11 2.4.1.3 Education and information measures .......................................................................... 12 2.5 Measures applied by the end user, Water Conservation (WC) ......................................... 12 2.5.1 Use of water efficient appliances................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 White goods .................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.3 WCs ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.4 Practice water saving behaviors ..................................................................................... 16 2.5.5 Use of water saving alternative technologies ................................................................ 16 2.6 Supply development versus demand management: the paradigm shift .......................... 17 2.6.1 Stakeholder Benefits of Demand Reduction ............................................................... 20 2.7 The urban water planning framework .............................................................................. 21 2.7.1 Need for integrated water resource management .......................................................... 22 2.7.2 Urban water demand side management policies ........................................................... 22 2.7.3 Governmental Reforms and Regulations