Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information EGYPTOLOGY TODAY Egyptology Today examines how modern scholars study all aspects of ancient Egypt, one of the greatest of all ancient civilizations. In essays by archaeologists, cura- tors, scholars, and conservators who are actively involved in research or applied aspects of Egyptology, this book looks at the techniques and methods used to increase our understanding of a distant culture that was as old to the Greeks and Romans as their cultures are to us. Topics range from how tombs and other mon- uments are discovered, excavated, recorded, and preserved to the study of Egyp- tian history, art, artifacts, and texts. Each chapter shows how modern Egyptology approaches, learns about, and strives to preserve the ancient remains of one of the most fascinating cultures in human history. Richard H. Wilkinson is professor of Egyptian archaeology at the University of Arizona. As Director of the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition, he has con- ducted archaeological projects in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings for twenty years and is currently excavating the memorial temple of Queen Tausert in western Thebes. He is the author of many articles and reviews as well as seven previous books, most recently The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt and Egyptian Scarabs. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information EGYPTOLOGY TODAY Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson University of Arizona © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S˜aoPaulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521863643 C Cambridge University Press 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2008 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wilkinson, Richard H. Egyptology today / edited by Richard H. Wilkinson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-86364-3 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-68226-8 (pbk.) 1. Egyptology. 2. Egypt – Antiquities. I. Title. DT60.W768 2007 932.0072–dc22 2007018738 ISBN 978-0-521-86364-3 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-68226-8 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information CONTENTS List of Illustrations page vii Brief Biographies of Contributors xi Acknowledgments xiii r Introduction The Past in the Present: Egyptology Today 1 Richard H. Wilkinson PART I METHODS:PATHS TO THE PAST r 1 Archaeology and Egyptology 7 Kent R. Weeks r 2 History and Egyptology 23 Donald B. Redford r 3 Medical Science and Egyptology 36 A. Rosalie David PART II MONUMENTS:STRUCTURES FOR THIS LIFE AND THE NEXT r 4 Site Survey in Egyptology 57 Sarah H. Parcak r 5 Epigraphy and Recording 77 Peter F. Dorman r 6 Monument and Site Conservation 98 Michael Jones v © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information CONTENTS PART III ART AND ARTIFACTS:OBJECTS AS SUBJECT r 7 Art of Ancient Egypt 123 Rita E. Freed r 8 Ancient Egypt in Museums Today 144 Arielle P. Kozloff r 9 Artifact Conservation and Egyptology 163 Susanne G¨ansicke PART IV TEXTS:WORDS OF GODS AND MEN r 10 The Egyptian Language 189 James P. Allen r 11 Ancient Egyptian Literature 206 John L. Foster and Ann L. Foster r 12 Egyptian Religious Texts 230 Ronald J. Leprohon r Afterword The Past in the Future: Egyptology Tomorrow 248 Richard H. Wilkinson Bibliography 251 Index 277 vi © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Excavating in Egypt: Professor Petrie at Thebes. Watercolor by Henry Wallis. page 13 1.2 Susan Weeks examining pottery from KV-5 in the Valley of the Kings. 14 1.3 Using surveying equipment in the Valley of the Kings. 15 1.4 Balloon at Deir el Bahri. 16 1.5 Aerial view of temple excavation, Thebes West Bank. 17 1.6 Kent Weeks examines human skull from KV-5. 19 3.1 Dr. Margaret Murray and team unwrapping a mummy at the University of Manchester (1908). 39 3.2 Dr. Rosalie David commences the unwrapping and autopsy of Mummy No. 1770 at the University of Manchester (1975). 40 3.3 Painted cartonnage slippers revealed during the unwrapping of Mummy 1770 at the University of Manchester (1975). 41 3.4 Dr. Rosalie David and team member Ken Wildsmith use an endoscope to examine a mummy at the University of Manchester. 47 4.1 Image of the site of Tell Fagi, visited during the 2003 Delta survey. 58 4.2 Cemetery of the town of Nazlet Mahmoud, found during the 2004 Middle Egypt survey season. 59 4.3 Part of 2002 Landsat satellite image of the central city part of Tell el-Amarna. 68 4.4 Part of a 2005 Quickbird satellite image of the same area with a 0.6-m resolution. 69 4.5 The 2003 Delta survey region (Area A) and the 2004 Middle Egypt survey region (Area B). 70 4.6 The town of Umm Qummus, visited during the 2004 Middle Egypt survey. 71 4.7 The town of Umm Qummus, using an “unsupervised classification” system. 72 4.8 Differential GPS-generated map of the Tell el-Amarna region. 73 5.1 Right-facing text on the “Second Stela” of Kamose. 79 vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5.2 Figure of Mereruka from his tomb at Saqqara. 81 5.3 Raised relief scene from the Temple of Luxor. 84 5.4 Drawing of the scene in Fig. 5.3. 85 5.5 Scene of adoration, executed in painted plaster, in the tomb of Roma. 89 5.6 A relief of Hatshepsut from the Temple of Karnak. 93 5.7 The barge of Khonsu and its towboats. 94 6.1 Marina al-Alamain. View of part of the Roman town. 101 6.2 Medinet Habu. Entrances to the temples. 103 6.3 Tourists at the Khafra Valley Temple, Giza. 105 6.4 Matariyah-Heliopolis. The obelisk of Senusret I as currently displayed. 108 6.5 Luxor Temple. Sorting, treatment, and stacking of decorated sandstone blocks. 109 6.6 Valley of the Kings. Floodwater control project beside the tombs of Ramesses I and Sety I. 111 6.7 Abydos: Shunet el-Zebib. New brickwork being added to protect damaged ancient masonry. 113 6.8 Mit Rahinah-Memphis. The 19th Dynasty temple of Hathor. 115 7.1 King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen. 128 7.2 Bust of Prince Ankhhaf. 129 7.3 Head of a female sphinx. 131 7.4 Kneeling Amenhotep III as the god Neferhotep. 135 7.5 Head and shoulders from a colossus of Ramesses II. 139 7.6 Amulet of Harsaphes. 140 7.7 Head of a priest (The Boston Green Head). 141 8.1 Exterior, Coptic Museum, Cairo. 147 8.2 Display case, Coptic Museum, Cairo. 148 8.3 Imhotep Museum. 149 8.4 Egyptian sculpture, exhibit hall, The Louvre. 151 8.5 Hatshepsut Exhibit. 153 8.6 Museum staff in conference, British Museum. 157 9.1 Fragments of vulture-shaped ivory inlays before treatment. 167 9.2 Twenty-four reconstructed ivories mounted in a suggested original arrangement. 168 9.3 Ceramic bowl damaged by previously used adhesive. 169 9.4 Bronze vessel showing turquoise-colored corrosion caused by an inappropriate adhesive. 170 9.5 Detail of a limestone stele with severe surface disintegration due to the action of soluble salts. 171 9.6 Installation of sandstone blocks from a gateway. 172 viii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86364-3 - Egyptology Today Edited by Richard H. Wilkinson Frontmatter More information LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 9.7 The reconstructed gateway from an enclosure of a temple at Koptos. 173 10.1 The Egyptian hieroglyphic “alphabet” (signs for single consonantal phonemes). 191 10.2 Hieratic inscription with hieroglyphic transliteration below. 192 10.3 Demotic inscription with transliteration below. 193 10.4 The Coptic alphabet. 195 11.1 Photograph of Papyrus British Museum 10274 recto, which details a passage from “The Eloquent Peasant.” 211 11.2 Queen Nefertari and the poem, “For a Portrait of the Queen,” from Luxor Temple. 215 11.3 Ostracon OIM 17002–17003: the beginning of “The Instruction of Hordjedef.” Photograph of ostracon with hieratic text preserved on surface. 221 11.4 Ostracon OIM 17002–17003: the beginning of “The Instruction of Hordjedef.” Hieratic phase of transcription. 222 11.5 Ostracon OIM 17002–17003: the beginning of “The Instruction of Hordjedef.” Hieroglyphic phase of transcription.