From Las Casas to Che : An Introduction to Contemporary Latin America Flores, Fernando 2007 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Flores, F. (2007). From Las Casas to Che : An Introduction to Contemporary Latin America. Lund University. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 From Las Casas to Che Omslagsbild: Las, Casas/Che Guevara © Maria Crossa, 2007 From Las Casas to Che An Introduction to Contemporary Latin America Fernando Flores Morador Lund University 2007 Department of History of Science and Ideas at Lund University, Biskopsgatan 7, 223 62 Lund From Las Casas to Che. An Introduction to Contemporary Latin-America © Fernando Flores Morador, 2007 ©Translation from Swedish: Oscar Ralsmark Print: Media-Tryck, Lund University, 2007 ISBN: 978–91–633–1106–2 Dedicated to: Alfredo Armando Aguirre Bibiana Apolonia del Brutto Dario Arce Asenjo Silvia Austerlich Gustavo Carrizo Ubiratán D’Ambrosio Mauricio Langón Raúl Plazas Galindo Ana María Tomeo Nelson Villareal and to UVLA INDEX INDEX...........................................................................................................7 PREFACE...................................................................................................11 PART I: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.......................................13 CHAPTER 1: THE CULTURAL MAIN EQUATION OF LATIN AMERICA ..................................................................................................15 WHAT DRIVES HISTORY?..............................................................................15 THE ARCHAIC AND THE MODERN IN THE LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY OF IDEAS............................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 2: ERUDITION IN THE PERIPHERY...............................21 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CULTURAL HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL MECHANICAL ACTIONS.................................................................................26 ORIGINALITY AND PERIPHERY ......................................................................27 “DELAY” DOES NOT IMPLY “RETARDATION” ...............................................29 THE WORLDVIEW OF ENGAGEMENT .............................................................30 SOME IMPORTANT DICHOTOMIES IN THE LATIN AMERICAN DEBATE.............32 BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, THE FIRST PENSADOR OF LATIN AMERICA.......33 INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC INFLUENCE ...........................................................34 THE LIBERATION MOVEMENT AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION......................36 PART II: PERIODIZATION....................................................................39 CHAPTER 3: DISCOVERY, CONQUEST AND COLONISATION...41 INDIAN CULTURES PRIOR TO COLUMBUS......................................................41 THE COLONISATION, A CONSTANT SOURCE OF GUILT AND SHAME ................45 THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1492-1810 ......................................................47 THE UNIVERSITY IN SPANISH AMERICA........................................................51 COLONIAL LIBRARIES AND PRINTING HOUSES..............................................52 THE FIRST WRITERS OF IBERO-AMERICA......................................................54 THE JESUIT MISSIONS IN PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY ...................................61 CARLOS DE SIGÜENZA Y GÓNGORA AND OLOF RUDBECK ............................65 FRANCISCO DE VITORIA, THE SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA AND INDIAN RIGHTS68 WOMEN AND MARRIAGE DURING THE COLONIAL AGE.................................69 7 CHAPTER 4: THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD ......................73 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN IBERO-AMERICA ...................................................73 CONSERVATIVES AGAINST REFORMERS: “CIVILISATION OR BARBARISM”....73 THE IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS OF THE REVOLUTION: BENITO JERÓNIMO FEIJÓO 75 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES.......................................................77 THE REBELLION OF TUPAC AMARU ..............................................................83 CHAPTER 5: THE LIBERATION ..........................................................85 THE POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ENTERPRISE...........................................85 TH TH SPANISH POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE 17 AND 18 CENTURY....................86 LIBERAL CURRENTS: THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM ...................................87 JOSÉ ARTIGAS AND SAMUEL PUFENDORF .....................................................88 LOCKE, MONTESQUIEU AND THE LATIN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONS ...........89 ROUSSEAU, THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, NAPOLEON AND THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAS............................................................................................................90 THE UTILITARIANISM OF BENTHAM IN SPANISH AMERICA ...........................91 THE CONSTITUTION OF CÁDIZ FROM 1812, AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ..............................................................................92 JOSÉ DE SAN MARTÍN AND JOSÉ ARTIGAS: THE CONDITIONS OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS .......................................................................................................93 ANDRES BELLO.............................................................................................94 THE INITIAL STRIDES OF THE REVOLUTION ON THE CONTINENT: MIGUEL HIDALGO AND JOSÉ MARÍA MORELOS..........................................................95 FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA: EL PRECURSOR ....................................................96 SIMÓN BOLIVAR: EL LIBERTADOR .................................................................97 MARIANO MORENO AND THE MAY REVOLUTION OF 1810..........................101 JOSÉ ARTIGAS: “THE MOST MISERABLE ARE TO BECOME THE MOST PRIVILEGED”...............................................................................................101 CHAPTER 6: LIBERALISM, ROMANTICISM AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW NATIONS......................................105 LITERARY AMERICANISM AND NATIONALISM: THE BIRTH OF LATIN AMERICA ....................................................................................................................106 JUAN BAUTISTA ALBERDI ...........................................................................109 DOMINGO FAUSTINO SARMIENTO ...............................................................110 PART III: MODERNITY........................................................................113 CHAPTER 7: POSITIVISM AND KRAUSISM IN LATIN AMERICA ....................................................................................................................115 POSITIVISM .................................................................................................115 8 KRAUSISM...................................................................................................118 CHAPTER 8: THE REACTION AGAINST NEO-COLONIALISM, LATIN–AMERICANISM .......................................................................121 JOSÉ ENRIQUE RODÓ ..................................................................................122 JOSÉ MARTÍ ................................................................................................122 THE PHILOSOPHY OF BERGSON IN LATIN AMERICA ....................................123 JOSÉ ORTEGA Y GASSET AND PERSPECTIVISM .............................................124 CHAPTER 9: PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT IN TH THE 20 CENTURY..............................................................................127 THE GENERATION OF THE FOUNDERS .........................................................127 THE OPPOSITION BETWEEN UNIVERSALISTS AND REGIONALISTS: IS THERE A LATIN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY? ................................................................128 A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DEBATE BETWEEN INTERNATIONALISTS AND REGIONALISTS ............................................................................................129 ARTURO ROSENBLUETH, HUMBERTO MATURANA AND FRANCISCO VARELA: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND POSTMODERN INFORMATION SOCIETY........131 RODOLFO KUSCH AND AMERICA PROFUNDA ..............................................134 ENRIQUE DUSSEL AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF LIBERATION ...........................134 UBIRATÁN D’AMBROSIO AND ETHNOMATHEMATICS .................................135 CHAPTER 10: LATIN AMERICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE 1950S AND 1960S.....................................................................................137 MARX, ENGELS AND LATIN AMERICA ........................................................137 THE POPULIST REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA ...............................................139 FROM THE