Page 1 of 89 INFRASTRUCTURE Page 2 of 89 ● INTRODUCTION ● TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION ● IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION IN ECONOMY ● PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORTATION CHAPTER 1: ROADWAYS ● GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD TRANSPORT ○ NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ○ STATE HIGHWAYS ○ DISTRICT ROADS ○ RURAL ROADS ○ OTHER ROADS ● PROBLEMS IN ROAD TRANSPORT ● RECENT INITIATIVES ● FUNDING MECHANISM IN ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ○ NATIONAL HIGHWAYS INVESTMENT PROMOTION CELL (NHIPC) ○ MEASURES TO REVIVE LANGUISHING STALLED PROJECTS ○ TOLL OPERATE TRANSFER MODEL ○ CENTRAL ROAD FUND ● PLANNING FOR MULTI MODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ● Urban Mobility in India ● GREEN INITIATIVE ● E-INITIATIVES ● ROAD SAFETY: A TOUGH TASK ● MOTOR VEHICLE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2017 ● COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 2: RAILWAYS ● INTRODUCTION, ● SIGNIFICANCE OF RAILWAY ● INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING RAILWAYS(RDB) ● MERGER OF RAIL BUDGET WITH UNION BUDGET ● RAILWAY ZONES ● RAILWAYS FOR URBAN MOBILITY ● NEED OF RAILWAYS IN URBAN TRANSPORT ● TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT ● PROBLEMS IN INDIAN RAILWAYS ○ POOR PERFORMANCE OF FREIGHT SEGMENT: ○ INEFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY AND PROBLEMS OF DELAY: ○ POOR SERVICE DELIVERY AND EFFICIENCY: ○ PROBLEMS OF RAILWAY SAFETY ● MAJOR-COMMITTEES ● RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN RAILWAYS ForumIAS Offline Guidance Centre 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005 | [email protected]|9821711605 Page 3 of 89 ○ DEDICATED FREIGHT CORRIDORS ○ BULLET TRAIN ○ TRAIN 18 ○ RASHTRIYA RAIL SANRAKSHA KOSH (RRSK) ○ AVATARAN ○ ALTERNATE TRAIN ACCOMMODATION SCHEME – VIKALP ○ CLONE TRAIN SERVICES ○ ANTYODAYA EXPRESS ○ OPERATION SWARN ○ NIVARAN ○ OTHER INITIATIVES BY MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS CHAPTER 3: WATERWAYS ● INTRODUCTION ● TYPES OF WATERWAYS ○ INLAND WATERWAYS ■ NATIONAL WATERWAYS OF INDIA ■ ADVANTAGES OF INLAND WATERWAYS ■ DISADVANTAGES OF INLAND WATERWAYS ■ ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ■ LEGAL AND POLICY REGIME FOR INLAND WATERWAYS IN INDIA ■ GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ■ NITI AYOG’S ACTION AGENDA FOR PORT DEVELOPMENT ■ INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE ■ WAY FORWARD ○ OCEANIC WATERWAYS ■ ISSUES AND CHALLENGES WITH INDIAN PORTS ■ REGULATORY SCENARIO OF PORTS IN INDIA ■ KEY POLICY DEVELOPMENTS: ■ PORT LED DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4: CIVIL AVIATION ● Introduction ● Historical Background of civil aviation sector in India ● Performance of Civil Aviation Industry in India ● Regulatory and Legislative Framework ● National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016 ● International conventions ● Issues and Challenges with Civil Aviation Sector in India ● Major Committees and recommendations ● Government initiatives for improving Civil Aviation ● Way Forward ForumIAS Offline Guidance Centre 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005 | [email protected]|9821711605 Page 4 of 89 TRANSPORTATION INTRODUCTION Transport infrastructure is one of the most important factors for a country's progress. A well-knit and coordinated system of transport plays an important role in the sustained economic growth of country. Transportation ensures mobility and dynamism in the economy through its various modes. TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION IN ECONOMY ● India’s transportation sector has seen accelerated growth since the launch of the four-lane Golden Quadrilateral highway connecting the four Metros, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. ● This acceleration has been a key factor in India’s 8.3% average growth from 2003-04 to 2011-12. ● The transport sector facilitates trade and migration, thereby raising productivity in other parts of the economy. ● As a large sector in itself, it also contributes to growth directly. It accounts for a large part of construction activity. ● The movement of people, which this sector facilitates, is also a key source of social integration and transformation. ● For these reasons, transport and connectivity are central to India’s economy and society. PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORTATION Nevertheless, transport and connectivity in India face several challenges that lead to inefficiencies and below-potential attainment of productivity: 1. The transport network is not planned holistically. The lack of interconnectedness and synergies in the transport network prevent the efficient movement of people and goods. Intermodal connectivity also remains weak with a particular lack of connectivity between ports and inland modes of transport. 2. Maintenance of different modes of transport infrastructure is poor. The Indian Railways find it challenging to maintain and service their existing capacity. Maintenance of national highways and roadways is done largely after problems occur and are reported instead of pre-emptive maintenance being an integral part of service. This leads to non-uniform standards, hinders service quality and lowers productivity. 3. The capacity of physical transport infrastructure is limited. Congestion on roads and railways is common due to capacity constraints. At times, the limited rail capacity for carrying goods prevents the transport of inputs such as coal in a timely manner. 4. The transport network has severe modal imbalances. ● Over time, roadways have become the dominant mode of transport of goods at the cost of railways, despite the latter’s economic and environmental advantages over the former. ● Similarly, inland waterways remain underutilized as a mode of transport. In freight carried by surface transport, the share of roads rose from 13.8% in 1950-51 to 38.1% in 1990-91 and 64.5% in 2011-12. ● The trend was similar in passengers carried by surface transport with the share of roads rising from 25.7% in 1950-51 to 72.2% in 1990-91 and 85.9% in 2011-12. ● The share of railways in 2011-12 stood at 35.5% in freight and 14.1% in passenger traffic. 5. Transport safety, particularly road safety, remains poor. In 2015, 146,133 deaths occurred due to road traffic crashes. In normalized terms, 930 accidents occurred per 10,000 km of road length in 20132. Over 3 % of India’s GDP is lost to road accidents annually, amounting to Rs. 3.8 Lakh Crore in 2014. ForumIAS Offline Guidance Centre 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005 | [email protected]|9821711605 Page 5 of 89 6. The transport sector remains highly dependent on conventional sources of energy. In 2014, the sector accounted for 18 % of commercial energy use and 55 % of the use of petroleum products. By 2020, the expected increase in the sector’s demand for energy could affect India's energy security. ForumIAS Offline Guidance Centre 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005 | [email protected]|9821711605 Page 6 of 89 CHAPTER 1: ROADWAYS Road transport is a critical infrastructure for enhancing connectivity and internal and external trade. India has one of the second largest road networks in the world with a total length of 54.8 lakh km (Economic Survey 2017-18). About 85 percent of passenger and 70 percent of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distance travel. It influences the pace, structure and pattern of development. Growth and development of Road Transport ● Road transport in modern sense was very limited in India before World War-II. ● The first serious attempt was made in 1943 when ‘Nagpur Plan’ was drawn. ● After Independence, twenty-year road plan (1961) was introduced to improve the conditions of roads in India. ● Rural devveopment plan includes construction of rural road under Minimum Need Programme, Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme(RLEGP), Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana etc. India is having the road networks of over 54.83 lakh km. It comprises national highways, expressways, state highways, major district roads, other district roads and village roads with following length distribution: National Highways / Expressway 1,20,543 k.m. State Highways 1,55,222 k.m. Other Roads(District road, Rural road, Border road etc.) 52,07,044 k.m. Total 54,82,809 k.m (source: Annual Report 2017-18) National Highways ● These roads are constructed and maintained by the Central Government ● These roads are meant for inter-state transport ● These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions, etc. ● National highways constitute just two per cent of the country’s road network but carry 40 per cent of the traffic load. State Highways ● These are constructed and maintained by state governments. ● They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns. ● These constitute around 3 per cent of total road length in the country. District Roads ● These roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district. ● They account for 14 per cent of the total road length of the country. ForumIAS Offline Guidance Centre 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi – 110005 | [email protected]|9821711605 Page 7 of 89 Rural Roads ● These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. ● More than 80 per cent of the total road length in India are categorised as rural roads. ● There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain. ● The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and Bharat Nirman focus on the construction and maintenance of rural roads. Other Roads Other roads include Border Roads and International Highways. The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence