Ba Re erent eee nr ee ee ena ee Re Se nye erm ee: Oa TAT AOE | | Che ronomist, IWEEKLY COMMERCIAL TIMES, Bankers’ Gasette, and Ratlway Monitor: A POLITICAL, LITERARY, AND GENERAL NEWSPAPER. —— Vol. X VIL. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1859. No.. 851 CONTENTS. the negotiation apparently, remains ; but, in fact, the United THE ECONOMIST. States have gained a great advantage over all’ European ing and the Congress. ........+... 1397 Game and the Game Laws o+....+. 1404 ; Difficulties in the LITERATURE :— nations. The effect of the declarations of Paris. is.to secure Taxon Realised Property........... 1398 Thoughts on Government from capture the goods of the belligerents undér a neutral England's Suez POLICY ..0rc00e0-cceceree 1399 Life in Spait....,......-cccecsscccesseees Wielded by Trades'Unions 1400 Women Artists in All Ages and flag, but not to protect them under their own flag ; nominally ] n Medical Service and their Countries ........ccesrsereerseseeree -- Nowe Warrant ............cerseceseesees 1401 The Fool of Quality . to secure neutral goods on board a ship, of one of the | owners of Ondes.........s0+0« 1402 { Reynard the Fox....... belligerents, but practically to postpone and’ impede their } The Merchants of Bremen on Mari- Foreign Correspondence ' JW" . cecsccccccaccoccoscceseoscscoees 1403 | CorrEsPONDENCE :— arrival at the port of destination by not protecting the ship AQRIOULTURE :— The Revue Independante............ 1409 itself. The advantage to neutral ships is evident; and i} Breeding and Feeding Stock......... 1403 | The Rhine Tolls ..........ceseosensseees 1409 ) THE BANKERS’ GAZBTTE AND COMMERCIAL TIMES: America is sure to be neutral. Affairs: in Burope are so ] BankRetarns and Money Market ... 1410 | Co'onialéForeign Produce Markets 141 £ complicated, and the interests here so ramified, that; when | Bankers’ Price Current 1412 POStacript .........:co-serserseeseererevere Bs creaoceccocce sre ccceccengeccocsosce +» 1418! Additional Notices +» 1416 international relations are much disturbed, it is inrpossible Gommercial Epitome... asneeee 1414] Liverpool Markets . 1417 to say which nation will be drawn ‘intothe conflict, and Fy GOI. ..0000--sccerenrseesersercesenscecsnsanere 1416 | Gazette ............cessesees « 1417 lampow MARKETS :— Price Current ........0+ + 1418 which will not. All are liable tobe so. But America is I} Stateof Corn Tradefor the Week: 1416 ; Imports and Exports... 1419 beyond suspicion. She is far removed from tlie: scene of i THE RAILWAY MONITOR. Byltome of Railway News............. 1419 | Railway and Mining Share Market... 1419 contention, and is-known never tointerfereinit. Accordingly, Share Listand Traffic Returns ..............-0ssceseesssensees 1420 when the late disturbances between France and Austria first became known, intelligent merchants wrote to their corre- Che Political Economist. spondents at Calcutta and other distant places,—‘ Ship our ‘goods by American vessels ; do notship them by English or SHIPPING AND THE CONGRESS. ‘ French vessels.’ The declarations made at Paris, during a prolonged and diffused Europeandisturbance, would, in effect, || We print elsewhere the resolutions passed at Bremen on the give a monopoly of the entire carrying trade of the world to subject. of maritime warfare, anda letter respecting them from the one great maritime State which has not as yet acceded themembers of the committee appointed to secure to them the to them. | attention of the forthcoming Congress at Paris: if possible. We-do so, because we think the subject of these remarkable It is, of course, no ground for altering our code of mari- propositions has not been fully discussed, and is not as yet time usages that it gives an advantage to the Americans or understood so well as it.is important. that it should be. to any other nation. That advantage may arise from the The declarations on maritime warfare made at the time of happy circumstances in which that nation is placed. In this thetreaty of Paris, two yearsago, have produced .a result case, America has a great natural advantage in being so re- which was not contemplated by the Plenipotentiaries who mote from the troubles of Europe. But the faet that our || agreed to them, and which is in itself remarkable. But one present regulations give a very great advantage to a single || great maritime State has not assented to them, and that State nation is, without doubt, a sufficient reason for very carefully || has obtained almost all the benefit which has accrued from examining them, and seeing whether they are, or are not, iithem. Those declarations, it will be remembered, were as based upon wise principles, What, then, are the facts? || follows :—* 1. Privateering is. and remains abolished. 2. The Two speculative lines of argument may be, and. often have “neutral flag covers enemy’s goods, with the exception of been, used with respect to property at sea in time of war. “contraband of war. 3. Neutral goods, with the exception In the first place, it is said that private property on land is 4| “of contraband of war, are not liable to capture under the protected in time of war,—that the contest onshore is mainly ||“enemy’s flag. 4. Blockades, in order to be binding, must betweenarmy and army, and not between individeal and “ be effective ; that.is to say, maintained by a force sufficient individual,—that the progress of civilisation ha» tended to {| really to prevent access to the coast of the enemy,” make it, more so,—that the internal commerce of the seat of | These declarations. were intended to be communicated to war on land is as little as. possible interfered. with,—that f 18 | the American. Government, which was not a party to there is no difference, or no sufficient difference between ent; | the treaty of Paris, and were in fact communicated to war at sea and war by land;—and that. good sense Dity. it. Mr Marcy,, however,, on its. behalf, replied that and humanity should induce us to -extend to the }\ the. United States. could not. agree to these: propositions former what has been found so advantageous in thie j\a#they stood; but that they were willing to agree to them latter. On the other hand, it may be said’ that it is the Provided that private property at sea, whether con- object: of all war to compel the enemy: to make a peace,—that, sisting of ships or goods, should no longer be subject to any hardships which compel him to do so arein the end bene- capture under any, circumstances. This proposition was ficial, to the world, though they may be cruel for the moment,— |) accordingly in the course of consideration by. the British that the commerce of the nation is: a.vulnerable point,—that ty of Government. “ But,’ as Lord. Palmerston. explained in by ruiaing her traders, and depriving her consumers of thie ngly js answer to Mr Lindsay in July,. 1857, “ in the meantime a commodities. they are used to, a nation. may be induced’ to r most “change took place in the Government of the United States ; make peace.—We should not wish to endeavour to argue re- ||,“ and. before any answer was sent by the British Government specting. these general views: of the subject. They have “to. America, the new. President came into office, and an long been diseussed, and probably everything which can. be “intimation was made that. the American Government did said about them has been said. But what werwish: to point “ not wish that any answer should be sent to.the proposition out. is, that the second of the declarations of Paris amounts in “of their predecessors, and. that, in point of fact, they practice to a decision between them. It exempts:from seizure “ wished 'to consider that. communication as suspended, and the goods of a nation at war in neutral vessels, The com- yi“ the-negotiation. not. going. on.” In. this.state of suspense merce, therefore, of a nation at war,—the importiof commodi- Saeco lil erareeeromaeareareazesaasca iti =~ > _~+- 1398 THE ECONOMIST. [Dec. 17, 1859. | ties. into, and the export of commodities rae by her, may be; Congress did not confine its attention to the peace with carried on just as it used to be in time of peace, provided it Russia, which was the topic for which it was convened ; it is not carried owin her own ships. All the operations of the considered the position of ltaly and the conduct of the Belgian exporting and the importing merchant,—all the consumption press. Moreover, the present anomaly in the rules of mari. of the belligerent country may, and, excepting in the case of time warfare arises from its decisions, and there would, in blockaded towns, hereafter will, go on just as it was accus- consequence, be a peculiar propriety in the present Congress tomed to do previous to the war. It is, therefore, now no proceeding to revise them. longer possible to adopt the second of the well-known argu- ments to which we have alluded. Commerce is no longer a ENGLAND’S SUEZ POLICY. vulnerable point. We have agreed that all that is most im- portant in trade should incur no danger in war. If a nation Tarts is not a time when England can afford even to be sus is to be induced by severities at sea to make a peace, it must pected of a selfish policy ; and vet, owing either to some ve be by injuring the whole body of its traders and stinting the mistaken theory, or some very awkward management on the wants of the mass of its people. But this we have no longer part of the Government, our Ambassador at Constantinople the means of doing. We have agreed that the profits of the is now presented to the world in the attitude of opposing, general trader shall be what they used to be, and also the for some inexplicably selfish purpose, all the other Powers supply of the population.