© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC unitNOT i FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Foundations© Jones & Bartlett Learning, of LLC Professional© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALENursing OR DISTRIBUTION Practice NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © James Kang/EyeEm/Getty Images © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION. 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Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284152913_CH01_001_052.indd 2 21/09/18 12:08 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © James Kang/EyeEm/Getty Images CHAPTER© Jones & Bartlett 1 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A History of Health Care © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTand FOR SALE Nursing OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Karen Saucier Lundy and Kathleen Masters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Identify ©social, Jones political, & Bartlett and economic Learning, influ- LLC2. Identify important leaders© Jones and &events Bartlett that Learning, LLC ences on the development of professional have significantly affected the development nursing practice.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof professional nursingNOT practice. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Although no specialized nurse role per se developed in early civilizations, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettKey Terms Learning, and Concepts LLC human cultures recognized the need for nursing care. The truly sick person NOTwas FOR weak SALE and helpless OR DISTRIBUTION and could not fulfill the duties that NOTwere normally FOR SALE » Greek OR era DISTRIBUTION » Roman era expected of a member of the community. In such cases, someone had to » Deaconesses watch over the patient, nurse him or her, and provide care. In most societ- » Florence Nightingale ies, this nurse role was filled by a family member, usually female. As in most » Reformation » © Jones & Bartlettcultures, Learning, the childbearing LLC woman had special ©needs Jones that often& Bartlett resulted Learning, in a Chadwick LLC Report specialized role for the caregiver. Every society since the dawn of time had » Shattuck Report NOT FOR SALE someoneOR DISTRIBUTION to nurse and take care of the motherNOT and infant FOR around SALE the OR child DISTRIBUTION- » William Rathbone » Ethel Fenwick bearing events. In whatever form the nurse took, the role was associated with » Jeanne Mance compassion, health promotion, and kindness (Bullough & Bullough, 1978). » Mary Agnes Snively » Goldmark Report » Brown Report © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC »© Isabel Jones Hampton & Bartlett Robb Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION »NOT American FOR Nurses SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Classical Era Association (ANA) More than 4,000 years ago, Egyptian physicians and nurses used an abun- » Lavinia Lloyd Dock dant pharmacologic repertoire to cure the ill and injured. The Ebers Papyrus » American Journal of Nursing (AJN) » Margaret Sanger 1 © JonesNote: This & Bartlettchapter is adapted Learning, from Lundy, LLC K. S., & Bender, K. W. (2009). ©History Jones of com &- Bartlett» Lillian WaldLearning, LLC munity health and public health nursing. In K. S. Lundy & S. Janes (Eds.), Community health » Jane A. Delano NOTnursing: FOR Caring SALE for the OR public’s DISTRIBUTION health (2nd ed., pp. 62–99). Sudbury, MA: JonesNOT and Bartlett.FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.© NOTJones FOR SALE& Bartlett OR DISTRIBUTION. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284152913_CH01_001_052.indd 3 21/09/18 12:08 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 CHAPTER 1 A History of Health Care and Nursing © Joneslists & Bartlett more than Learning, 700 remedies LLC for ailments ranging from ©snakebites Jones to& puerBartlett- Learning, LLC Key Terms and Concepts NOT FORperal SALE fever OR(Kalisch DISTRIBUTION & Kalisch, 1986). Healing appeared NOTin the EgyptianFOR SALE cul- OR DISTRIBUTION » Annie Goodrich ture as the successful result of a contest between invisible beings of good and » Mary Brewster evil (Shryock, 1959). Around 1000 b.c., the Egyptians constructed elaborate » Henry Street Settlement drainage systems, developed pharmaceutical herbs and preparations, and » Elizabeth Tyler embalmed the dead. The Hebrews formulated an elaborate hygiene code ©» JonesJessie Sleet & Scales Bartlett Learning,that dealt withLLC laws governing both personal© Jones and community & Bartlett hygiene, Learning, such LLC NOT» Dorothea FOR Lynde SALE Dix OR DISTRIBUTIONas contagion, disinfection, and sanitationNOT through FOR the SALE preparation OR DISTRIBUTION of food » Clara Barton and water. The Jewish contribution to health is greater in sanitation than in » Frontier Nursing Service their concept of disease. Garbage and excreta were disposed of outside the » Mary Breckinridge city or camp, infectious diseases were quarantined, spitting was outlawed as » Mary D. Osborne unhygienic, and bodily cleanliness became a prerequisite for moral purity. © Jones & Bartlett» Franc esLearning, Payne Bolton LLC Although many of the Hebrew© Jones ideas & aboutBartlett hygiene Learning, were Egyptian LLC in origin, NOT FOR SALE» International OR DISTRIBUTION Council the Hebrews were the firstNOT to FORcodify SALEthem and OR link DISTRIBUTION them with spiritual godli- of Nurses (ICN) ness (Bullough & Bullough, 1978). Disease and disability in the Mesopotamian area were considered a great curse, a divine punishment for grievous acts against the gods. Experiencing ill- ness as punishment for a sin linked the sick person to anything even remotely © Jonesdeviant. & Bartlett Not only Learning, was the person LLC suffering from the illness© but Jones also he & or Bartlett she Learning, LLC NOT FORalso SALE was branded OR DISTRIBUTION by society as having deserved it. ThoseNOT who obeyedFOR SALEGod’s OR DISTRIBUTION law lived in health and happiness, and those who transgressed the law were punished with illness and suffering. The sick person then had to make atone- ment for the sins, enlist a priest or other spiritual healer to lift the curse, or live with the illness to its ultimate outcome (Bullough & Bullough, 1978). Nursing © Jones & Bartlett Learning,care by a family LLC member or relative would© Jones be needed, & Bartlettregardless Learning,of the out- LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONcome of the sin, curse, disease-atonement-recovery,NOT FOR or SALE death cycle. OR ThisDISTRIBUTION logic became the basis for explanation of why some people “get sick and some don’t” for many centuries and still persists to some degree in most cultures today. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The Greeks and© Health Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONIn Greek mythology, theNOT god FORof medicine, SALE Asclepias, OR DISTRIBUTION cured disease. One of his daughters, Hygieia, from