Summer 2008 ForumJournal Vol. 22 No. 04 PROTECTING HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ON PUBLIC LANDS The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a nonprofit membership organization bringing people together to protect, enhance and enjoy the places that matter to them. By saving the places where great moments from history — and the important moments of everyday life — took place, the National Trust for Historic Preservation helps revitalize neighborhoods and communities, spark economic development and promote environmental sustainability. With headquarters in Washington, DC, 9 regional and field offices, 29 historic sites, and partner organizations in all 50 states, the National Trust for Historic Preservation provides leadership, education, advocacy and resources to a national network of people, organizations and local communities committed to saving places, connecting us to our history and collectively shaping the future of America’s stories. For more information visit www.PreservationNation.org. Funding for this journal was provided by The 1772 Foundation. The mission of The 1772 Foundation is to preserve and enhance American historical entities for future generations to enjoy with particular interest in farming, industrial development, transportation, and unusual historical buildings. Cover photo: Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. Photo courtesy National Trust for Historic Preservation. Cover photo: Brucemore, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Photo by Greg Billman, courtesy of Brucemore. ForumJournal NATIONAL TRUST FORUM PETER H. BRINK Senior Vice President, Programs VALECIA CRISAFULLI Director, Center for Preservation Leadership ELIZABETH BYRD WOOD Editor KERRI RUBMAN Assistant Editor BARBARA H. PAHL Guest Editor AMY COLE Guest Editor RON WOODS Business Manager NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION RICHARD MOE President DAVID J. BROWN Executive Vice President PETER H. BRINK Senior Vice President, Programs GREGORY A. COBLE Vice President, Business and Finance DAVID COOPER Vice President, Development PAUL EDMONDSON Vice President and General Counsel LAURI MICHEL Vice President for Community Revitalization DOLORES MCDONAGH Vice President, Membership JAN ROTHSCHILD Vice President for Communications and Marketing JAMES VAUGHAN Vice President, Stewardship of Historic Sites EMILY WADHAMS Vice President, Public Policy NATIONAL TRUST FORUM ADVISORY BOARD PAUL BRUHN Preservation Trust of Vermont PRATT W. CASSITY University of Georgia ALAN DOWNER National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers E. RENEE INGRAM African American Heritage Preservation Foundation, Inc. BRUCE D. JUDD, FAIA Architectural Resources Group HEATHER MACINTOSH Preservation Action ANN MCGLONE National Alliance of Preservation Commissions DAVID MERTZ National Council for Preservation Education DAVID MORGAN Former Kentucky State Historic Preservation Officer MARCEL QUIMBY National Trust Board of Advisors NANCY MILLER SCHAMU National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers DONNA J. SEIFERT Society for Historical Archaeology JOHN SIMONE Connecticut Main Street Center DE TEEL PATTERSON TILLER Goucher College The National Trust, concerned about the responsible stewardship of the environment, has published this journal on recycled paper that meets the EPA mandate of containing at least 50% waste paper. Forum Journal, a Journal of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, (ISSN 1536-1012) (USPS Publication Number 001-715) is published quarterly by the Center for Preservation Leadership at the National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 as a benefit of National Trust Forum membership. Forum members also receive six issues of Forum News, and six issues of Preservation magazine. Annual dues are $115. Periodicals paid at Washington, D.C. Postmaster: Send address changes to National Trust Forum, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Copy- right © 2008 National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States. Printed in the United States. Of the total amount of base dues, $6.00 is for a subscription for Preservation magazine for one year. Support for the National Trust is provided by membership dues; endowment funds; individual, corporate, and foundation contributions; and grants from state and federal agencies. National Trust Forum Journal is a forum in which to express opinions, encourage debate, and convey information of importance and of general in- terest to Forum members of the National Trust. Inclusion of material or product references does not constitute an endorsement by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. ForumJournal Summer 2008 1 CONTENTS Summer 2008 Volume 22 Number 04 INTRODUCTION Richard Moe.........................................................................5 CULTURAL RESOURCES AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: WHAT WOULD SAINT THEODORE DO? Jerry D. Spangler...............................................................7 STEWARDSHIP CHALLENGES ON PUBLIC LANDS Katherine Slick ..................................................................15 CHANGING THE CULTURE AT GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK Barbara H. Pahl .................................................................21 THE EMPIRE RANCH HEADQUARTERS: A PARTNERSHIP FOR PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION Christine Auerbach .......................................................30 PASSPORT IN TIME PROGRAM: ENGAGING DEDICATED PRESERVATION VOLUNTEERS Jill A. Osborn ...................................................................36 LAKE FANNIN REBIRTH John Ippolito ....................................................................43 RESTORATION OF INTER-LAKEN RESORT Terri Liestman ..................................................................45 Photo opposite: Painted Hand Pueblo, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Colorado. Photo by Mike Smith. ForumJournal Summer 2008 3 INTRODUCTION By Richard Moe Many Americans assume that most of our of its minerals. Nothing could be further nation’s important cultural resources are from the truth. Much BLM land displays part of the National Park System. Most of stunning scenic beauty, and much of it is them also assume that these places are fully thickly sown with historic and archeological protected and well cared-for. sites that are part of the heritage of all Ameri- cans. They’re wrong on both counts. Similarly (and understandably), most people Right now, while summer vacation season is associate the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) with in full swing and crowds of people are flock- one word: trees. But in fact, Forest Service ing to national parks and historic places all lands encompass much more than tall timber. over the country, hundreds of significant USFS is responsible for more than 190 million landscapes, structures, and sites—including acres of public land in 44 states and Puerto some irreplaceable treasures that record Rico, and on that land are nearly 325,000 important chapters in America’s story—are identified cultural resource sites, ranging from in imminent danger of being lost forever. Native American sacred places to battlefields of the Revolutionary and Civil wars and fire Many of these endangered places are on lookouts built in the New Deal era. public lands administered by two federal agencies: the Bureau of Land Management Both agencies are plagued by chronic under- and the U.S. Forest Service. Neither is a funding and understaffing. One result is that historic preservation agency in the generally only a small portion of the land under BLM accepted sense, but each is the de facto stew- and USFS jurisdiction has been surveyed— ard of an enormous—and enormously sig- which means that the agencies don’t know nificant—collection of historic and cultural precisely what kinds of cultural resources, resources. What’s more, each has been given or how many of them, actually exist on the a mandate that often assigns a low priority land for which they are responsible. It is esti- to preservation activities—or even ignores mated, for example, that more than 2 million these responsibilities altogether. sites of historical and/or cultural significance may be out there on Forest Service land—but The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is since only 20 percent of that land has been responsible for some 260 million acres of surveyed, this figure is only a guess. land, mostly in the West. It is a common mis- perception that the BLM manages a lot of As for the sites that have been identified, third-rate real estate, land that isn’t “good far too many are being damaged or even enough” for inclusion in the national park destroyed by threats as varied as careless system and is valuable only for exploitation off-road vehicle use, grazing, mineral explo- ForumJournal Summer 2008 5 The National Landscape Conservation System, which includes sites such as Gold Butte, Nev., was listed on the National Trust's 2005 list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places. Photo courtesy National Trust for Historic Preservation. ration, unauthorized land use, theft, and ongoing Public Lands Initiative, which is vandalism—not to mention natural forces summarized on our website at www.Preserva- such as floods and wildfires, as well as the tionNation.org/issues/public-lands. inexorable effects of time and weather. This issue of Forum Journal is part of that Over the years, the National Trust has sought same effort. These articles present a com- to focus public attention on this serious situa- pelling overview of the challenges and com- tion—and, more important, to bring about plexities of preservation