WASHINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY HENRY LANDES, STATE GEOLOGIST VOLUME II. Annual Report for 1902 TACOMA: PlONEBlt BINDERY AND PRINTING COMJ'ANY 1903 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. HENR v McBRIDE, President. Governor ofWashington. C. w. MAYNARD, Secretary. Treasurer ofWashiugton. T. F. KANE, Acting President oftbe University of Washington. E. A. BRYAN, President of the washinittou Agricultural College and School of Science. STAFF OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, State Geologist. HENRY LANDa51 Professor ofGeolog"y, University ofWasbingtou. SoLON 5:EIEDD, Geologist. Professor of Geology, Washington Agricultural College and School of Sdencc. C. A. RODDY, Assistant Geologist. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Ezcellency, HBNRY McBRIDE, Governor of the State of Wash­ ington and President of the Board of Geological Survey : SIR-I have the honor to present herewith the Annual Report of the State Geological Survey for the year 1902. This report is in two parts, consisting of one paper on the Building and Orna­ mental Stones of the State, and another on the Coal Deposits of the State. It is hoped that these papers may mark the beginning of detailed reports upon various phases of the economic geology of Washington. Very respectfully. HENRY LANDES, State Geologist. Ulf1V111lS1TY OP' WASRJNGTOS, lkattle, March, 1903. CONTENTS. PART I. THE BUlLDING AND ORNAMENTAL STONES OF WASHINGTON. Bv S. SKlroD. PAGE CHAPTER !.-Ornamental and Building Stones in General ............ ...... 3 Demand and Uses....................................................................... 3 Necessary Considerations in the Selection of Stone........................ 7 Inherent Qualities of Stone......................................................... I4 CHAPTER IL-Laboratory Tests ou Building and Ornamental Stones . 20 Microscopical Tests . ... .. .. .. ..... .. ..... ... ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Chemical Tests ... .. .. ... ... .. ...... ... ...... .. ... .. ........ ... .. .. ... ... 22 Physical Tests . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. 22 CHAPTER IIl.-Granite, Tufa and Basalt of Washington ...... ...... ......... 32 Granite.................................................................................... 32 Distribution .. .. .. .. .. ... ...... ........ .... ...... ..... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 Snake River Area.................................................................... 34 Index Area............................................................................. 38 Little Spokane Area................................................................. 41 Medical Lake Area.................................................................. 44 Conclusions .................... .................................... ........... ...... 47 Tula ......................................................................................... 48 Lilliwaup Area ............................................................ :........... 49 China Bend Area..................................................................... SI Basalt....................................................................................... 54- CHAP'rER IV.-Sandstones of Washington......................................... 56 Distribution . .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. ...... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. 56 Tenino Area.............................................................................. 57 Bellingham Bay Area . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ... .. ...... .. ... 62 Cumberland Area....................................................................... 65 Wilkeson Area............................................................................ 68 Fairfax Area.............................................................................. 70 Stuart Island Area ..................................................................... 71 Sucia Island Area....................................................................... 72 Conclusions . ... .. ... .. ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ....... ... 73 C1u.PTER V.-Marble and Serpentine Deposits of Washington............ 75 Introduction.............................................................................. 75 Metamorphism . ... ..... ... ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .... 76 Uses of Marble ............................................, .............................. So vi. Contents. Chapter V.-Contim1ed. PAGE Stevens County.......................................................................... 83 Valley Area ....................................................... .................... 87 Milan Area ............................................................................. 1o6 Colville Area . .. .. ... .. ..... ... .... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. ... ... .......... ... 109 Chewelah Area .......................................... ............................. 122 Bossburg Area . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 129 Ryan Area ............................................................................. 130 Marble Area ........................................................................... 131 Box Canyon Area .................................................................... 132 Cu.~PTBR VI.-Tables: I. Crushing Strength and Modulus of Elasticity ......................... 134 II. Specific Gravity, Porosity, Ratio of Absorption and Weight_per Cubic Foot . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... 136 m. Freezing and Thawing Tests.......... ........................................ 138 VI. Effect of Carbonic Acid in a Moist Atmosphere on Samples of Marble .......................................................................... 140 V. Chemical Analyses of Washington Building and Ornamental Stones .......................................................................... 141 VI. Crnshing Strength in Pounds per Square Inch, Specific Gravity and Ratio of Absorption of Building Stone Occurring Out- side of Washington ........................................................ 143 CBAPTER VII.-Conclusions ............................................................ 145 CuAPTER VIII.-Methods of Quarrying and Dressing Stone ............... 148 General Considerations ............................................................... 148 Granite Quarrying ................................................................ : .... 152 Marble Quarrying....................................................................... 153 Sandstone Quarrying.......... ........................................................ 155 Opening the Quarry .................................................................... 156 Method of Working a Quarry ...................................................... 158 Use of Explosives in Quarrying ................................................... 159 Cutting and Dressing Stone.............. ........................ ,................... r6r PART Il. CO.ti, DEPOSITS OF WASHINGTON. B Y H I<NR Y LAND ES AND C. A, R U DDY . CHAPTER I.-Introduction ............................................................... 167 Geographic Relations ................................................................. 167 Topography .............................................................................. 168 Geological Formations . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. 169 CHAPTER IL-Descriptions of the Coal Fields ........ ............................. 173 Whatcom County ....................................................................... 173 Blue Canyon Field.................................................................. 174 Cornell Creek Field ................................................................. 175 l Contents. vii. Chapter n.-Co11tin11cd. PAGE Skagit County .......................................................................... 176 Cokedale Field . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... I 76 Hamilton Field ....................................................................... 178 King County ............................................................................. 18o Newcastle-Issaquah Field ........................................................ 18o Renton-Cedar River Field ....................................................... 190 Niblock Field...................................... .................................... 195 Raging River Field ................................................................ 197 Green River Field .................................................................. 198 Pierce County ........................................................................... 209 Carbon River Field ....... ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 209 Kittitas County .......................................................................... 232 Roslyn-Clealum Field .............................................................. 232 Thurston County ....................................................................... 238 Bucoda-Tenino Field ............................................................... 238 Lewis County............................................................................. 240 Chehalis-Centralia Field ........................................................... 241 Alpha Field ...................................................................... : .... 244 Cinebar Field.......................................................................... 245 Morton Field .........................................................................