DOCUMENT RESUME ED 205 780 CE 029 792 AUTHOR Lambrecht, Judith J.; And Others TITLE Business and Office Education: Review and Synthesis of the Research. 3rd Edition. Information Series No. 232. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 81 CONTRACT 400-76-0122 NOTE 181p.; For related documents see ED 011 566 and ED 038 520. AVAILABLE FROM National Center Publications, The National Centerfor Research in Vocational Education, The Ohio State. University, 1960 Kenny Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 ($10.501: 4 EDRS PRICE MF01/PCOB Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Accounting; Bookkeeping: Business Communication:! *Business Education; *Business Skills; Career Education; Data Processing; Doctoral Dissertations; Educational Environment: Educational Objectives;; Educational Philosophy: *Educational Research; Mathematics; *Office Occupations Education; *Office Practice; Shorthand; Social Environment; State of the Art Reviews: Typewriting: Work Environment ABSTRACT This review and synthesis of research in businessand office education is based on doctoral dissertationsand some independent studies completed between 1968 and 1980.Approximately twelve hundred studies are reviewed and representthe following major content areas: philosophy and objectives, educationalenvironment, social and business environment, career education/careers, professional organizations (for teachers, students, and secretaries), bookkeeping and accounting, basic business education,communications, business mathematics, business data processing, shorthandand transcription, typewriting, and word processing. All thecontent areas are broken down into various subareas, such as objectives, curriculum, technology, teaching methods, evaluation, and the like.A comprehensive bibliography of the studies reviewed is included. (CT) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Information Series No. 232 BUSINESS AND OFFICE EDUCATION: REVIEW AND SYNTHESISOF THE RESEARCH 3rd Edition written by Judith J. Lambrecht, Universityof Minnesota- Minneapolis Marianne J. D'Onofrio, UtahState University L. Eugene Jones, NortheastLouisiana University Patricia A. Merrier, Universityof Minnesota- Duluth Members of National Research ProjectsCommittee U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE Delta Pi Epsilon NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN. ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY ERIC Clearinghouseon Adult, Career, and Vocational Education The National Center for Researchin Vocational Education The Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Ohio 43210 1981 .2 FUNDING INFORMATION Project Title: ER iC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and VocationalEducation Contract Number N I E-C-400. 76-0122 Educational Act Under Which the Funds were 41 USC 252 (15) Administered: and PL 92-318 Source of Contract: U.S. Department of Education National Institute of Education Washington, D.C. Contractor: The National Center for Research in Vocational Education The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Executive Director: Robert E. Taylor Disclaimer: This publication was prepared pursuant toa contract with the National Institute of Education, U.S. Department ofEducation. Contractors undertaking such project4Lunder governmentsponsor- ship are encouraged to freely express their judgment inprofessional and technical matters. Points of view or opinions donot, therefore, necessarily represent official National Institute of Educationposition or policy. Discrimination Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states: "Noperson in the Prohibited: United States shall, on the grounds ofrace, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefitsof, or be subjected to discrimination under anyprogram or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Title IX of the EducationAmendments of 1972 states: "No person ;r1 the .k.;nited States shall,on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be deniedthe benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination underany education program or activity receiving federal assistance." The ERIC Clearinghouse project, like every program or activity receiving financialassistance from the U.S. Department of Education, must comply withthese laws. This publication was prepared with funding from the NationalInstitute of Education, U.S. Department of Education, under Contract No.NIEC400- 76.0122. The opinions expressed in this report do nut necessarilyreflect IN the position or policies of NIE or the Department of Education. ii 4 1 1 CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi FOREWORD vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii INTRODUCTION 1 PHILOSOPHY AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESSEDUCATION 3 Philosophy of Business Education 3 Historical Research 3 Contributions of Selected Leaders 4 Trends and Issues 5 Summary 5 EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 7 Administration and Supervision 7 Guidance Articulation 8 8 Legislation 8 Historical Perspectives 8 Curriculum 8 Methodology 9 Special Needs 9 Teachers 9 Students 9 Facilities 9 Business Education in Secondary Schools 9 Vocational Technical Business Education Programs 10 Proprietary Schools Business Education Programs 10 Business Programs at the Collegiate Level 10 Other Evaluative Studies of Programs 10 Summary 10 SOCIAL AND BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 13 Office Technology/Office Careers 13 Image of Business 16 Job Satisfaction and Work Values 17 Sexism and Sex Equity 20 Image of Business Education 22 Training in Business 24 Summary 25 iii CAREER EDUCATION/CAREERS 27 Status of Career Education and Business Involvement 27 Attitudes Toward Career Education 28 Career Concerns, Development and Aspirations 28 Instructional Strategies 29 Summary 30 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 31 Teacher Organizations 31 Student Organizations 31 Secretarial Organizations 32 Summary 32 BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNTING 33 Objectives 33 Content 34 Instructional Strategies 34 Evaluation 36 Summary 37 BASIC BUSINESS EDUCATION 39 Basic Business 40 General Business 41 Business Law 41 Business Principles, Organization, and Management 42 Introduction to Business 42 Personal Finance 43 Economics 43 Consumer Education 46 Consumer Economics and Economics 49 Summary 50 COMMUNICATIONS 51 Content of Business Communications Courses 52 Program Descriptions and Evaluations 53 Teaching Methods 54 Student Evaluation 55 Summary 56 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 57 Objectives and Content 57 Instructional Strategies 58 Evaluative Studies 60 Summary 61 iv rlo U BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING 63 Data Processing Content 64 Teaching Met;iods 68 Prognosis in Data Processing 69 Analysis of Instructional Materials 69 Summary 70 SHORTHAND AND TRANSCRIPTION 71 Problems in Shorthand Research 72 Historical Studies 73 Shorthand Justification and Skill Standards 74 Shorthand Program Evaluation 74 Prognosis of Shorthand Success 75 Shorthand Materials Analysis 77 Shorthand Teaching Methods 78 General Program and Student Characteristics 82 Summary 82 TYPEWRITING 83 Identification of Content Objectives 83 Characteristics of Students and Educational Level 84 Instructional Materials/Technology/Methodology 86 Evaluation 95 Summary 98 WORD PROCESSING 99 Methodology 99 Current Word Processing Practices 100 Impact of Technology on Office Procedures 102 Teaching Methods 103 Prognosis in Word Processing 103 Analysis of Instructional Materials 103 Summary 104 SUMMARY 105 Overview of Completed Research 105 Recommendations for Future Research 109 REFERENCES 113 v r LIST OF TABLES 1. RESEARCH STUDIES IN BUSINESS AND OFFICE EDUCATION BY YEAR OF COMPLETION 106 2. RESEARCH STUDIES IN BUSINESS AND OFFICE EDUCATION BY TYPE OF RESEARCH DESIGN 107 S vi FOREWORD The Educational Resources InformationCenter Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education (ERIC/ACVE) isone of sixteen clearinghouses in a nationwide information system that is funded by the National Institute ofEducation. One of the functions of the Clearinghouse is to interpret the literature that isentered into the ERIC data base. Thispaper should be of interest to business and office educationteachers, teacher educators, administrators, curriculum development specialists,researchers, and graduate students. The profession is indebted to the followingmembers of the National Research Projects Committee of the graduate business educationfraternity Delta Pi Epsilon for their scholarshipin the preparation of this paper: Judith J. Lambrecht,University of Minnesota-Minneapolis; Marianne J D'Onofrio, Utah State University; L.Eugene Jones, Northeast Louisiana University; and Patricia A. Merrier, University of Minnesota-Duluth.The publication was developed in communication with the Business and Office Divisionof the American Vocational Association; the division assisted in identifying reviewers for thepaper. Recognition is also due Leona M. Gal lion, Indiana State University; Anne Schatz, CaliforniaState University-Los Angeles; and Marla Peterson, The National Center for Research inVocational Education, for their critical review of the manuscript prior to its final revisionand publication. Susan Imel, Assistant Director at the EPIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, andVocational Education, coordinated the publication's