72 What’s up with y’all?: Sociopragmatic versatility in the “battle of the pronouns” Shawn Warner-Garcia University of California, Santa Barbara 1. Introduction There has been much debate – mostly of a historical or grammatical nature - over the development and use of the second-person plural (2PPL) pronominal form y’all in American English. Accurate historical documentation of the form is scant, resulting in a wide range of theories regarding its origin, with some authors proposing that y’all is a calque of a creole or African pronoun system (Lipski, 1993) and others arguing that it is an importation from the Scots-Irish dialect (Montgomery 1992). Grammatically, it is generally accepted that y’all is an analogous suppletion of the Early Modern English pronoun system (Maynor, 2000; Tillery, Wilke, and Bailey, 2000), though it is certainly not the only form that fills the 2PPL pronoun slot in modern-day American English. While you is the accepted singular second-person form, it also and often functions as an implicit plural. Other pronouns in American English comparable to y’all include yinz (Johnstone, 2001), you-uns (Montgomery, 2002; Donahue 2007), and you guys (Maynor, 2000). These forms, along with y’all, have been shown to index certain aspects of identity such as social class, region, or ethnicity. However, the discourse-pragmatic functions of these forms have not been investigated. In this paper, I show how y’all in particular serves distinct sociopragmatic purposes by indexing affective stances among young Texas speakers. I analyze a corpus of interactional video data in order to determine the state of y’all in what has been called the “battle of the pronouns” (Maynor, 2000). In contrast to many other scholarly considerations of y’all – which draw mainly on self-report surveys (e.g. Tillery, Wilke, and Bailey, 2000), constructed examples (e.g. Richardson, 1984), and historical texts (e.g. Lipski, 1993) – my analysis draws on interactional data, thus providing evidence of real-time language in use. The data I use come from an archive of video recordings of everyday interaction collected between 2004 and 2007 among undergraduates at a private university in central Texas and represent a small cross-section of young, educated Southern speakers. While most of the speakers are from Texas, other Southern states such as Mississippi and Tennessee are also represented. In the following analysis, I examine two issues: first, the distribution of y’all versus the competing forms you guys and plural you, and second, the sociopragmatic factors that give y’all a certain amount of interactional versatility, which may make it a desirable pronominal choice for some speakers. Texas Linguistics Forum 55:72-79 Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium About Language and Society--Austin April 13-15, 2012 © Warner-Garcia 2012 73 2. How Does Y’all Compare to Plural You and You Guys? In the first part of my analysis, I compare the occurrences of y’all with the two other most prominent 2PPL pronouns in my corpus of young Texan speakers: you guys and implicitly plural you. Because of the inherent ambiguity of the number of you, he coding of plural you was determined on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the surrounding context, including evidence of nonverbal cues. The counts and percentages of these pronouns are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Counts and percentages of y’all, you guys, and you (pl) among young Texas speakers. (Corpus word count: 53,622) Y’all You guys You (pl) TOTAL 2PPL tokens (and percentages) 58 (43%) 19 (14%) 58 (43%) 135 (100%) As Table 1 shows, y’all and plural you occur with the same frequency in my corpus. Although one might assume that plural you is the default and most frequent form of 2PPL pronoun in American English, my data indicate that y’all is in very real contention for the 2PPL slot among the speakers in my corpus. Even though neither y’all nor plural you is the statistically default form, when the discursive use of these forms is examined, it becomes clear that plural you is treated by speakers as the interactionally unmarked form, with y’all performing additional sociopragmatic work. In comparison to y’all and you (pl), you guys occurs at a much lower frequency in my data. This is in contrast to the findings of scholars who report that the form is being increasingly imported from outside the South into the dialect of young Southern speakers (Maynor, 1999, 2000). Moreover, where you guys is used, it does not seem to carry any clear gender distributions – either of speaker or addressees – which is also in contrast with recent scholarship on you guys (Maynor 2000). Table 2 summarizes the gender distribution of both speaker and addressees for the 19 tokens of you guys in my corpus. Table 2. Gender distribution for speaker and addressees in tokens of you guys. Female Male Mixed Row Totals Addressees Addressees Gender Group Female Speaker 6 0 2 8 Male Speaker 3 5 3 11 Column Totals 9 5 5 19 3. Interspeaker Patterns in Pronoun Use In order to discuss how young Southern speakers in my data use y’all in interaction, it is helpful to highlight the patterns of 2PPL pronoun use by several specific speakers. While the overall trends presented in Table 1 show statistical comparability in the frequency of plural you and y’all, individual speakers tend to have a preferred pronoun. Of the 29 speakers in my corpus, 19 use 2PPL pronouns. Of those 19 people, 3 use only y’all, 4 use no y’all at all, and 12 use a variety of 2PPL pronouns. These patterns are summarized in Table 3. Table 3. Distribution of y’all among speakers in the corpus. Pronoun Use Y’all Only No Y’all Mixed Usage Total Texas Linguistics Forum 55:72-79 Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium About Language and Society--Austin April 13-15, 2012 © Warner-Garcia 2012 74 Number of people 3 4 12 19 An example of a y’all-only participant is Ann, an 18-year-old freshman from San Antonio, Texas, who exclusively and extensively uses y’all in an hour-long video of her and two friends playing a board game. In fact, in the video recording in which Ann appears, her y’alls make up 11 out of 13 – or 85% - of all speakers’ 2PPL pronoun uses. Here I present two short examples in which Ann uses y’all. In the first example, Ann, who is playing the board game “Life” with her two friends Liz and Joy, explains the monetary benefits of having children within the game. Example 1. (2004Life, 33:45-33:48) 1 Ann: Well, 2 Well y’all, 3 Well y’all get money at the end though for kids. In the second example, Ann asks for clarification regarding the progression of game play. Example 2. (2004Life, 40:42-40:45) 1 Ann: So wait. 2 When y’all get here, 3 I just keep (.) playing ’til I’m done. As exemplified in these two excerpts, Ann uses y’all as her basic (and, in fact, only) 2PPL pronoun. However, the exclusive use of y’all is not as common in the speech of individual speakers in my data as is a mixture of pronouns. In order to illustrate this pattern of use, I present another participant, Peter, a 35-year-old university staff member from San Antonio, Texas. He has, by far, the highest individual use of 2PPL pronoun tokens in my data, a total of 32 of 135 tokens. This fact is likely because the video recording that contains Peter captures a group meeting where he functions as the group leader. In Example 3, Peter is addressing the group and inquiring how they are doing on recruiting sponsors for an upcoming event the group is hosting. Example 3. (2005Diversity, 47:04-47:06) 1 Peter: How are y’all, 2 on recruitment then. In a contrasting example, Peter uses implicitly plural you to address the members of the group in relation to their various responsibilities regarding the contacting of sponsorship groups. Example 4. (2005Diversity, 47:04-47:06) 1 Peter: How’s this for an idea. 2 I don’t know what you were gonna do, 3 As far as contacting these different groups. The plurality of Peter’s you in line 2 is mainly interpretable from his embodied action, as he uses his hands and his gaze to gesture to several individuals in the group. Figure 1. Peter’s embodied action in indexing the plurality of you as seen in Example 4. Texas Linguistics Forum 55:72-79 Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium About Language and Society--Austin April 13-15, 2012 © Warner-Garcia 2012 75 Peter “what you” “these different” “groups” Thus, while y’all functions unambiguously as plural in most contexts, additional communicate effort may be needed to indicate the plurality of you. 4. The Functions of Y’all: An Emergent Discourse Marker? As the previous four examples show, young speakers in Texas use a variety of second- erson plural pronouns, displaying a great deal of interspeaker variation. Moreover, for speakers who use y’all, there is also variation in the types of discourse functions that this form can serve. McLemore (1991) notes that among Texas sorority women, y’all is used as an address term or vocative tag, a function not regularly performed by any other English pronoun. I also found this to be the case in my data: y’all is used not only to address a group but also to express certain sociopragmatic information as well.