SSettlingettling fforor LLessess THE PLANNED RESETTLEMENT OF ISRAEL’S NEGEV BEDOUIN STEVEN C. DINERO SPACE & PLACE This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. S L This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Space and Place Bodily, geographic, and architectural sites are embedded with cultural knowledge and social value. Th e Anthropology of Space and Place series provides ethnographically rich analyses of the cultural organization and meanings of these sites of space, architecture, landscape, and places of the body. Contributions to this series will examine the symbolic meanings of space and place, the cultural and historical processes involved in their construction and contestation, and how they are in dialogue with wider political, religious, social, and economic institutions. Volume 1 Berlin, Alexanderplatz: Transforming Place in a Unifi ed Germany Gisa Weszkalnys Volume 2 Cultural Diversity in Russian Cities: Th e Urban Landscape in the post-Soviet Era Edited by Cordula Gdaniec Volume 3 Settling for Less: Th e Planned Resettlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin Steven C. Dinero This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. S L Th e Planned Resettlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin [ • ] Steven C. Dinero Berghahn Books New York • Oxford This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. First published in 2010 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2010, 2019 Steven C. Dinero Open access ebook edition published in 2019 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dinero, Steven C. Settling for less : the planned resettlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin / Steven C. Dinero. p. cm. — (Space and place ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84545-762-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-78920-109-3 (open access ebook) 1. Bedouins—Israel—Segev Shalom. 2. Migration, Internal—Israel—Negev. 3. Planned communities—Israel—Segev Shalom. 4. Segev Shalom (Israel) I. Title. DS119.75.D57 2010 956.94’9—dc22 2010023964 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84545-762-4 (hardback) ISBN: 978-1-78920-109-3 (open access ebook) An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at knowledgeunlatched.org is work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommer- cial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. e terms of the license can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For uses beyond those covered in the license contact Berghahn Books. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. For Penina This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ CONTENTS ] List of Figures ix List of Tables x List of Illustrations xi List of Maps xii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xx Note on Arabic and Hebrew Transliteration and Translations xxiv Planning in the Negev Bedouin Sector 1 Segev Shalom—Background and Community Profi le 36 Planning, Service Provision, and Development in Segev Shalom 64 Health and Education 92 Negev Bedouin Identity/ies Development in Segev Shalom 119 Th e Resettled Bedouin Woman 145 Bedouin Tourism Development Planning in the New Economy 166 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. viii Contents Segev Shalom—A City on the Edge of Forever? 186 Postscript 205 Bibliography 207 Index 218 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ FIGURES ] .. Bedouin Town Physical Layout 13 .. Segev Shalom Population Increase 46 .. Percentage of Employed Segev Shalom Residents Who are Working in the Town Itself 76 .. Percent Employed Outside the Home, Segev Shalom Survey Respondents 76 .. Segev Shalom Ownership of Material Goods (%), 1993–2007 77 .. Segev Shalom Residents Raising Livestock, Fruits and Vegetables (%), 1993–2007 78 .. Primary Reasons for Resettling Cited by Segev Shalom Residents (%), 1993–2007 79 .. Percentage of Households Connected to the Local Utilities, 1993–2007 80 .. Segev Shalom Residents Rating the Town Services Highly (%), 1993–2007 81 .. Political Indices, Segev Shalom 1996–2007 and the Pezurah 2007 87 .. Percentage of Survey Respondents Expressing Satisfaction with Healthcare Service Provisions in Segev Shalom (by Survey Year) 104 .. Percentage of High School Graduates in Segev Shalom 109 .. Adult Literacy Rates (%), One or More Languages, Segev Shalom 109 .. Percentage of Adults (M/F) Literate in at Least One Language, Segev Shalom 151 .. Women Accessing Higher Education Vs. Th ose with No Formal Education 151 .. Segev Shalom Residents Employed Outside the Home, Male and Female 152 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ TABLES ] .. 2007 Segev Shalom Survey Respondents—Descriptive Statistics 72 .. 2007 Social and Economic Indicators: Education and Employment 73 .. 2007 Housing, Utilities and Reasons for Relocation 74 .. Segev Shalom Residents’ Perspectives, 2007 84 .. Identity Labels 129 .. Do You Feel that You Are Treated Equally with Other Israelis? 130 .. Stated Regularity of Mosque Attendance/Religious Participation of Respondent/Family Members 130 .. Segev Shalom Voting Participation 133 .. Is the Present National Government Working for the Social/Economic Interests of the Bedouin Community? 135 .. Expressed Belief that the Islamic Parties Can Help Further the Interests of the Bedouin Community 135 .. “Slum Tours” Th oughoutr the Developing World 172 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ ILLUSTRATIONS ] .. Shekhuna Alef—1993 39 .. Shekhuna Bet—1993 40 .. Shekhuna Bet—2007 41 .. Shekhuna 6—2007 42 .. Main Intersection—2007 47 .. Dentist’s Offi ce—2007 47 .. Halal Butcher—2007 48 .. Shwarma Restaurant—2007 48 .. Bakery—2007 49 .. Th e Segev Shalom Kupot Holim in 2007 98 ., .. Th e Segev Shalom Middle School and High School—2007 111 .. Arabic and Hebrew Election Poster in a Bedouin Town: “A Strong Israel with Peres”—1996 132 .. Central Mosque, Segev Shalom 139 .. Bedouin Women’s “Traditional” Roles— Milking a sheep 146 .. Baking Pita on the Patio of the Villa 149 .. One of Many Young Women who don Full Abaya and Niqab in the Streets of Segev Shalom—2007 157 ., .. Th e “Bedouin Tent” Outside Eilat—2007 169 .. Photographing Grief, Hiram/Attir—July 2007 176 .. Suleiman El-Hrenik Making Tea for the Author—2007 182 .. Hebrew Tourist Brochure: “Suleiman’s Shiq” 184 .. Could Th is be the Face of the Future?— Tel Sheva, 2007 199 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ MAPS ] .. Location of the Recognized/Legal Negev Bedouin Towns (as of 2000) 5 .. Th e Location of the Recognized Towns in Relation to Nearby Jewish Communities and the Siyag 8 .. Segev Shalom Physical Plan (2003) 38 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ PREFACE ] 23 March 2007; Near Hatzerim, Israel— Sheep. I am surrounded by them. As the sun lowers ahead of us, the dogs barking feverishly and nipping at their hooves, they move slowly forward in a wave, groups breaking off to one side or the other only to return to the main herd as we proceed down the hill. Th e noise of hooves and maa-ing is all around us. Th e goats among the herd stop more often, standing on their hind legs—climbing up in some instances—into the low shrubs to get at some of what must be the tastier leaves. As the girls herd from left, right, and center, some walking, some riding donkeys, one restraining a reluctant ewe forcing it to slow down in order that its lamb might suckle, the boys come over the hill to our right leading the half dozen camels still at this site—the few dozen others from the herd are several kilometers to the south where there is more room for them to graze. Suddenly they all converge, the kids, the hundreds of sheep and goats, the camels, the donkeys, the dogs, the 3 Holstein calves which do not fi t into this scene at all but which are increasingly prevalent in the northern Negev—all at once in one thunderous rush they begin running headlong toward the open pen, the water tankers, the tent where smoke is wafting out as tea and coff ee are about to be served—Home.