POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA EDITED BY WIM OSTENDORF, PIOTR KORCELLI, ROBERT SINCLAIR Editorial Board PIOTR KORCELLI (Editor), ALICJA BREYMEYER (Deputy Editor), BRONISŁAW CZYŻ (Associate Editor and Secretary), JERZY KOSTROWICKI, BARBARA KRAWCZYK, TEOFIL LIJEWSKI, JERZY SOLON, GRAŻYNA SELIGA (Assistant Editor) Address of the Editorial Board IGiPZ PAN, Geographia Polonica Twarda 51/55 00-818 Warszawa Poland © Copyright by Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Polskiej Akademii Nauk ISSN 0016-7282 ISBN 83-86682-21-3 http://rcin.org.pl POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA 69 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND URBAN LIFE IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE EDITED BY WIM OSTENDORF, PIOTR KORCELLI, ROBERT SINCLAIR http://rcin.org.pl POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION http://rcin.org.pl CONTENTS Foreword 5 Pumain D.: Urban Geography for the XXI century 7 Tiefelsdorf M., Braun G. O.: The migratory system of Berlin after unification in the context of global restructuring 23 Korcelli P.: The urban system of Poland in an era of increasing inter urban com- petition 45 Ianos I.: Hierarchical distortions within the Romanian urban system 55 Cunha A., Racine J.-B.: Towns and metropolitan areas in Switzerland: a centrality in metamorphosis through mutations in the work force and selective migrations 67 Bonavero P.: The international functions of the Italian urban system in the European context 91 Basten L.: Developing redevelopment: a project, a city image, a planning process. The case of the "Neue Mitte Oberhausen" 109 Smit P. S. M.: Home-work distances and the urbanized society: a macro-micro level question 119 Murayama Y., Inoue T., Hashimoto Y.: Spatial chain patterns of intra-urban migra- tion 135 Sinclair R.: The changing context of racial segregation: an examination in metropo- litan Detroit 153 Madaleno I. M.: Planned segregation: Cape Town and Brasilia 167 Reddy A. G.: Poverty indicators in a metropolitan city: Hyderabad 181 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl FOREWORD The 28th International Geographical Congress was held in the Hague, the Netherlands, from August 4-10, 1996. There was one main Congress, hosting and integrating Commissions and Study Groups, including several joint sessions of the Commissions and Working Groups. The main theme of the Congress, Land, Sea, and Human Effort, served as the integrating topic. The topics of the IGU Commission on Urban Development and Urban Life constituted an import- ant element of the Congress: twenty-four sessions were organized by the Com- mission, of which ten were joint sessions. Some 100 papers and posters were presented in those sessions, too many for one integrated publication. Hence the contributions of the Commission are published in special issues of several inter- national journals. This Special Issue of "Geographia Polonica" is one of them. The papers in this volume do not have one specific theme. Instead they mirror the scope of the topics covered in the work of the Commission: Several papers (2-7) concentrate on urban development; others (8-12) on different aspects of urban life, although clearly there is no clearcut division between the two. The first paper by Denise Pumain, Chair of the Commission, covers the state-of-the- -art in urban geography, and is an appropriate introduction to the other contrib- utions. Pumain stresses the importance of studying urban problems, considers the usefulness of the concept of urban systems, and evaluates the work of the Com- mission in the past four years. Three papers concern the changes taking place in the urban systems of East- ern Europe. Tiefelsdorf and Braun investigate the integration of Berlin after reunification, looking at changing migration patterns within and between the city's different subsystems as the city is increasingly influenced by the global economy. Korcelli continues this theme by analyzing the impact of the changing international situation on the Polish system, again showing the important role of Berlin. Ianos, discussing the Romanian urban system, indicates the continued impact of communist policies, which he judges to be negative. He suggests how the market economy might improve this situation. The next three papers focus upon the urban systems of Western Europe. Cunha and Racine look at the urban system of Switzerland, a country with a federalist structure. They pay attention to the impact of recent economic restruc- turing. Bonavero describes the Italian urban system, specifying the functions of different local labor markets, and discussing the integration of the system into the European urban system. Basten describes a deliberate attempt to enhance a city's international importance. He analyzes the planning strategy of Centro, a large development project in the city of Oberhausen, Germany. Five papers are more in the category of Urban Life: two study migration and mobility, whereas the last three papers cover segregation and poverty. Smit looks at the problem of traffic in the Netherlands. She considers the possiblity of decreasing congestion by adjusting the location of residential areas and areas of http://rcin.org.pl 6 Foreword work. Murayana, Inoue and Hashimoto analyze the migration of residents in the city of Yokkaichi, Japan, in response to changes in their lifecycle. Sinclair exam- ines racial segregation over the postwar period in Detroit, U.S.A. He emphasizes the changing contexts of segregation during the period, relating them to the contemporary patterns and problems of race within the metropolis. Madaleno explains how urban planning is used to create segregation in the cities of Cape Town, South Africa, and Brasilia, Brazil. Reddy focusses directly upon the poor. How is the quality of life to be judged in the slums of Hyderabad, India? She suggests that the alleviation of slum poverty demands a well-organized govern- mental strategy. Together the papers in this volume suggest the breadth of the urban topics covered in the Hague Congress, as well as the dynamism and diversity of the present urban scene. The editors are pleased to present these papers in this Special Issue of „Geographia Polonica". The Editors http://rcin.org.pl GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA, 69, 1997 PL ISSN 0016-7282 • ISBN 83-86682-21-3 URBAN GEOGRAPHY FOR THE XXI CENTURY DENISE PUMAIN INED Etablissement Public Scientifique et Technologique, 27, Rue Du Commandeur 75675 CEDEX 14, France ABSTRACT: Geographers, and especially those involved in cooperative work inside the IGU for the last decades, have contributed in a significant way to provide original insights in both theoretical and practical urban issues. By developing and illustrating the concept of urban systems, they have emphasized the importance of scale effects and spatial organization in the urban realm. Comparative research at intra- and interurban scales have demonstrated the universality of the problems created by the process of urban transition, under a variety of cultural forms and socio-economic circumstances. A formalised consideration of metropoli- sation trends, social polarisation, urban image and identity is already well advanced, whereas questions about the vulnerability of megacities or the elaboration of comparable indicators on an international basis are still in progress. The time has also arrived to elaborate a new convergence between urban geography and mathematical modelling, to bring about a better integration of spatial analysis and urban dynamics in the increasingly numerous and sophisti- cated urban information systems. KEY WORDS: urban gepgraphy, urban development, urban live, urban systems. INTRODUCTION With more than half of the world population living in towns and cities, it has become commonplace to say that we shall be living henceforth in an urban world. This means that cities organize the world economy, that the living environment of a growing share of the world population is an urban one, and that the urban way of life dominates the collective mental representations of humanity. This general awareness, as illustrated by the organization of the second United Nations conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II or "City summit") at Istanbul in June 1996, is accompanied by significant changes in attitudes and expectations concerning urban research. The major activities of the last decades were those induced by dramatic urban growth and uncontrolled urban development. Although the magnitude of metro- polises and the spatial sprawl of cities remain subjects of major concern, espe- cially in third-world countries, the attention of specialists in the urban realm has shifted to issues of a more qualitative nature. The new key-words are mondiali- sation, globalisation along with their related consequences such as the metropo- http://rcin.org.pl 8 D. Pumain lisation trend, the new forms of vulnerability of urban social life and the question of sustainability of large cities in their environment. They involve new inquiries in such diverse fields as the dynamics of urban systems, the formation of social links in an urban environment, the interactions between urban forms and their representations, the implication of new communication techniques to the func- tioning of cities, and the definition of urban identities. The emergence of such questions has prompted an exploration of new methods of investigation, which would ensure a better linkage between the features and determinants of individual behaviour