SOLANO COUNTY Alternative Fuels & Infrastructure Plan blank page Solano County Alternative Fuels & Infrastructure Plan December 11, 2013 Submitted to: Robert Guerrero, Senior Planner Solano Transportation Authority One Harbor Center, Suite 130 Suisun City, CA 94585-2473 Prepared by: ICF International 630 K Street, Suite 400 Sacramento, CA 95814 blank page Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction and Background ................................................................................................7 2. Overview of Alternative Fuels for Transportation ............................................................. 10 2.1. Ethanol ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2. Biodiesel .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.3. Natural Gas ............................................................................................................................. 17 2.4. Propane ................................................................................................................................... 21 2.5. Hydrogen ................................................................................................................................. 24 2.6. Electricity ................................................................................................................................. 26 3. Solano County Government Fleets and Alternative Fueling Infrastructure ................... 31 3.1. Municipal Fleets ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.2. Alternative Fuel Stations ....................................................................................................... 33 4. Benefits and Costs of Alternative Fuel Vehicles ............................................................... 40 4.1. Regulatory Requirements ..................................................................................................... 40 4.2. Fleet Cost Impacts ................................................................................................................. 44 4.3. Air Pollution and Health Impacts ......................................................................................... 54 4.4. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts ................................................................................. 56 4.5. Funding Sources .................................................................................................................... 61 5. Implementation Steps ........................................................................................................... 66 5.1. Biofuels .................................................................................................................................... 66 5.2. Natural Gas ............................................................................................................................. 69 5.3. Electric Vehicles ..................................................................................................................... 74 5.4. Summary of Implementation Steps and Action Items ...................................................... 88 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................................91 Solano County Alternative Fuels & Infrastructure Plan i December 11, 2013 List of Figures Figure 2-1. E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles Sold, Leased, or Converted per Year in the U.S. (1998–2010) .... 12 Figure 2-2. E85 Consumption by Motor Vehicles in California (2003–2010) .............................................. 13 Figure 2-3. Price of E85 and Gasoline, Nationwide (2000–2012) .............................................................. 14 Figure 2-4. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses in Service, Nationwide (2009) ................................................. 16 Figure 2-5. Price of B20 and Diesel, Nationwide (2000–2012)................................................................... 17 Figure 2-6. Alternative Fuel Transit Buses, Nationwide (1996–2009) ........................................................ 19 Figure 2-7. Consumption of Alternative Fuels in the Transportation Sector in California (2003–2010) ..... 20 Figure 2-8. Retail Price of Natural Gas, Diesel, and Gasoline, Nationwide (2000–2012) .......................... 21 Figure 2-9. Price of Propane, Diesel, and Gasoline, Nationwide (2000–2012) .......................................... 24 Figure 2-10. Monthly Electric Vehicle Sales in the United States (November 2010 – November 2012) .... 27 Figure 2-11. Annual Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales in the United States (1999–2012) ............................... 28 Figure 3-1. Percent of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Solano County Municipal Fleets ................................. 33 Figure 3-2. E85 Fueling Infrastructure in and around Solano County (2012) ............................................ 34 Figure 3-3. Biodiesel Fueling Infrastructure in and around Solano County (2012)..................................... 35 Figure 3-4. Natural Gas Fueling Infrastructure in and around Solano County (2012) ............................... 36 Figure 3-5. Propane Fueling Infrastructure in and around Solano County (2012)...................................... 37 Figure 3-6. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in and around Solano County (2012) ........................ 38 Figure 4-1. Sample Light-Duty Sedan Purchase and Lifetime Fuel Cost Comparison.............................. 47 Figure 4-2. Sample Light-Duty Truck Purchase and Lifetime Fuel Cost Comparison ............................... 48 Figure 4-3. Sample Medium-Duty Truck Purchase and Lifetime Fuel Cost Comparison .......................... 50 Figure 4-4. Sample Transit Bus Purchase and Lifetime Maintenance and Fuel Cost Comparison .......... 51 Figure 4-5. Emissions Reductions of Biofuels, Biofuel Blends, and CNG Compared to Petroleum-Based Fuels .................................................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 4-6. GHG Emissions Benefits of Alternative Technologies and Fuels for Light-Duty Vehicles Compared to Conventional Gasoline .................................................................................................. 57 Figure 4-7. Annual GHG Emissions of Alternative Technologies and Fuels for a Light-Duty Vehicle Compared to Conventional Gasoline .................................................................................................. 58 Figure 4-8. GHG Emissions Benefits of Alternative Technologies and Fuels for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles Compared to Diesel .............................................................................................................. 60 Figure 4-9. Annual GHG Emissions of Alternative Technologies and Fuels for a Transit Bus Compared to Diesel .................................................................................................................................................. 61 Figure 5-1. Locations of Most Likely Electric Vehicle Adopters in Solano County .................................... 79 Figure 5-2. Workplace Charging Siting Analysis for Solano County.......................................................... 80 Figure 5-3. Opportunity Charging Siting Analysis for Solano County ........................................................ 82 Solano County Alternative Fuels & Infrastructure Plan ii December 11, 2013 List of Tables Table 2-1. E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicle Population in California ................................................................... 12 Table 2-2. Forecasted Electric Vehicle Charger Population, Nationwide (2020) ....................................... 30 Table 3-1. Municipal Fleet Vehicles in Solano County by Vehicle Type (2012) ........................................ 31 Table 3-2. Municipal Fleet Vehicles in Solano County by Fuel Type (2012) ............................................. 32 Table 3-3. E85 Fueling Infrastructure in Solano County (2012) ................................................................ 34 Table 3-4. Biodiesel Fueling Infrastructure in Solano County (2012) ......................................................... 35 Table 3-5. Natural Gas Fueling Infrastructure in Solano County (2012) .................................................... 36 Table 3-6. Propane Fueling Infrastructure in Solano County (2012) .......................................................... 37 Table 3-7. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Solano County (2012) ............................................ 38 Table 4-1: Summary of ARB Regulations and their Impact on Transit or Municipal Fleets ....................... 40 Table 4-2. Sample Incremental Vehicle Prices for Alternative Fuel Light-Duty Sedans Compared to Gasoline Vehicles ............................................................................................................................... 44 Table 4-3. Sample Incremental Vehicle Prices for Alternative Fuel Light-Duty Trucks Compared to Gasoline Vehicles ..............................................................................................................................