UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA RISK ASSESSMENT OF KUALA LUMPUR MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS-DELPHI APPROACH THENG LEE CHONG FSAS 2000 29 RISK ASSESSMENT OF KUALA LUMPUR MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS·DELPHI APPROACH By THENG LEE CHONG Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia April 2000 Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science RISK ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL LANDFILL SITES IN KUALA LUMPUR - THE DELPHI APPROACH By THENG LEE CHONG April 2000 Chairman: Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Nasir Hassan Faculty: Science and Environmental Studies Most of the solid waste disposal sites in Malaysia are either open dumps or controlled tipping. The risks from these sites are expected to be high especially the contamination of soil, air, surface and underground water, and also the impacts on flora and fauna. All these impacts have irect and indirect links to human being. The d risks associated with solid waste disposal sites involved three compartments or media, i.e. the atmosphere, water and soil. This 'Cross media' or 'Multimedia' impacts phenomenon has made risk assessment of landfill site as a complicated process. This study discusses the development of a simple risk assessment systems for landfill sites by using the Delphi Approach, which emphasises the development of weightage for different parameters selected in the risk assessment procedures. The environmental conditions and risks of all closed and active disposal sites in Kuala Lumpur are assessed based on nine criteria representing the multi-media components of the environment, i.e. water quality, social, gas emissions, landuse, hydrology, geology, ecotoxicology, plant ecology and chemical constituents in soil and groundwater. These criteria have gathered 59 parameters and each parameter was assigned a II weightage of importance which was then assessed with the actual situation of the landfill sites. The final scores can be aggregated according to individual criteria or across the multi-criteria for the overall environmental conditions. The results of assessments indicated that most of the solid waste disposal sites in the study area showed significant level of risks especially the still active site, i.e. Taman Beringin landfill site. This study also presents the evaluations of the pollution levels of all the disposal sites in terms of water and soil contamination by selected chemicals, and also air pollution by selected gases emitted from the sites. Landfill Pollution Index (LPI) was also developed in this study and were calculated for each disposal site in the study area. The results show that Taman Beringin was the most polluted landfill with the LPI of 719.5576, followed by Jinjang Utara (383.5085), Paka 1 (197.6589), Brickfields (128.8949), Paka 2 (11 3.7235), Sri Petaling (30.8083) and Sungei Besi (17.8656). In summary, new evaluation systems had been introduced in this study in order to produce simple and reliable tools to evaluate or assess the pollution and risk levels for municipal waste landfill sites in Malaysia. Based on the assessment of Kuala Lumpur landfill sites, it can be concluded that the risk and pollution levels of landfill sites in Kuala Lumpur area are relatively high, but it is site-specific and various from one landfill site to another. JI I Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains PENILAIAN RISIKO TAPAK PELUPUSAN SISA DI KUALA LUMPUR­ KAEDAH DELPHI Oleh THENG LEE CHONG April 2000 Chairman: Profesor Madya Dr. Mohd Nasir Hassan Faculty: Sains dan Pengajian Alam Sekitar Kebanyakan tapak pelupusan sisa pepejal di Malaysia adalah samada pembuangan terbuka atau pembuangan terkawal. Risiko yang timbul daripada operasi tapak-tapak pelupusan ini adalah dijangkakan tinggi dari segi pencemaran tanah, udara, air permukaan , air bawah tanah dan juga impak terhadap flora dan fauna. Kesemua impak ini mempunyai hubungan secara langsung dan tidak langsung dengan kesejahteraan hidup manusia. Risiko yang berkaitan clengan tapak pelupusan sisa pepejal melibatkan medium alam sekitar, iaitu atmosfera, air dan tanah. Impak bersilang atau "Cross Media Impacts" ini telah menjadikan penilaian risiko di tapak pelupusan sisa pepejal satu proses yang sukar dan kompleks. Kajian ini membincangkan pembentukan satu sistem penilaian risiko bagi tapak pelupusan sisa pepejal yang mudah dengan menggunakan kaedah Delphi yang menitikberatkan penggunaan pemberat atau " weightage" bagi setiap parameter yang terpilih dalam proses penilaian risiko. Keadaan alam sekitar dan risiko bagi semua tapak pelupusan yang tertutup dan aktif di Kuala Lumpur telah dillilai berdasarkan sembi Ian bidang berlainan yang mewakili impak bersilang bagi komponen alam sekitar iaitu kualiti air, sosial, pelepasan gas, IV penggunaan tanah, hidrologi, geologi, ekotosikologi, ekologi tumbuhan dan analisis bahan kimia di dalam tanah dan air bawah tanah. Kesemua bidang ini melibatkan 59 parameter berlainan dan setiap parameter diberikan satu pemberat mengikut kepentingannya yang kemudian digunakan untuk menilai keadaan sebenar di setiap tapak pelupusan. Jumlah skor akhir boleh dikira mengikut bidang secara individu atau mengambilkira kesemua bidang sekali untuk keadaan alam sekitar secara keseluruhan. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahaw� kebanyakan tapak pelupusan sisa pepejal di Kuala Lumpur menunjukkan paras fisiko yang ketara terutamanya tapak yang masih aktif, iaitu Tapak Pelupusan Taman Beringin. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan penil aian terhadap tahap pencemaran kesemua tapak pelupusan yang berkenaan dari segi pencemaran air dan air bawah tanah, pencemaran tanah oleh bahan-bahan kimia dan juga pencemaran udara akibat pelepasan gas dari tapak pelupusan. Satu Index Pencemaran Tapak Pelupusan Sisa (LPI) juga telah dibentuk dan dikira untuk setiap tapak pelupusan di dalam kawasan kajian. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa Taman Beringin juga merupakan tapak yang paling tinggi tahap pencemarannya dengan LPI sebanyak 719.5576, diikuti oleh Jinjang Utara (383.5085), Paka 1 (197.6589), Brickfields (128.8949), Paka 2 (1 13.7235), Sri Petaling (30.8083) dan Sungei Besi (17.8656). Sebagai ringkasan, sistem penilaian yang baru telah diadakan dalam kajian ini untuk memberikan satu kaedah yang mudah dan boleh dipercayai dalam menilai tahap pencemaran dan risiko tapak pelupusan sisa di Malaysia. Berdasarkan keputusan penilaian yang diadakan di Kuala Lumpur, dapat disimpulkan bahawa tahap risiko dan pencemaran tapak pelupusan di Kuala Lumpur adalah tinggi, tetapi ia adalah berbeza an tara satu sarna lain. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No thesis is the work of its authors. I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my most honorable supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Nasir Hassan, for providing the invaluable guidance and encouragement and also for bearing with me throughout the whole course of my project. Thanks are also extended to my most respectable co-supervisors, Professor Dr. Muhamad Awang and Dr. Mohamad Yazid Saman, for their constructive criticisms, enlightening suggestions and opinions throughout the study period. Words cannot describe my heartfelt appreciation for the contributions and sacrifices that my parents, brother and sisters have had to go through to enable me to obtain the level of education that I have today. lowe special thanks to all the researchers of the "Investigation and Assessment of Municipal Landfi ll Sites in the Federal Te rritory of Kuala Lumpur" project and also Mr. Md Mizanur Rahman, who has assisting me at the various stages of my research. I would also like to express my special thanks to my lovely OBY, for her constant affection, caring and encouragement. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude to my colleagues, and friends who make my years in UPM such a happy and unforgettable one. vi I certify that an Examination Committee met on 22nd April 2000 to conduct the final examination of Theng Lee Chong on his Master of Science thesis entitled " Risk Assessment of Kuala Lumpur Municipal Landfills - Delphi Approach" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows: WAN NOR AZMIN SULAIMAN, Ph.D. Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) MOHD NASIR HASSAN, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) MUHAMAD A WANG, Ph.D. Professor, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) MD. Y AZID MOHD SAMAN, Ph.D. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) ProfessorlDeputy Dean of Graduate School, Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: 2 7 APR 2000 VII This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malsysia and was accepted as fu lfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sains. KAMIS AWANG, Ph.D, Associate Professor Dean of Graduate School Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: f'\ 8 J U N lUUO viii DECLARAnON I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree