AN INVESTIGATION INTO KEY INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE IN GAUTENG: A case study of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality by TIRHANE ALINAH MANGANYI submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject DEVELOPMENT STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF FC DE BEER 30 JUNE 2006 DECLARATION I declare that AN INVESTIGATION INTO KEY INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE IN GAUTENG: A case study of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality is my own unaided work, and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references ____________________________ Tirhane Alinah Manganyi ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all the participants, the community, ward members and members of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality who made time to complete the questionnaires for the purposes of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Mr Leslie Mashishi, the coordinator for region one (1) for his support in enlisting the support and participation of zone liaison officers and facilitating the distribution of questionnaires. I am also grateful to the following zone liaison officers who facilitated the receipt of the questionnaires by the respondents and myself. These are: Mr George Ngobeni (Zone B); Ms Tiny Ramane (Zone D); Mr Oupa Mokoka (Zone G); Mr Mike Nkosi (Zone F); Mr Smangaliso Mthimunye (Zone A); Mr Velile Bengu (Zone C); Mr Flip van der Walt (Zone E) and Ms Ockelene van Wyk (Zone I). In Zone H, I was voluntarily assisted by a member of the Civic Association at Olivenhoutbosch, Mr Robert Matshete, who served as a nodal point between me and the respondents. Thank you too to Mr Jaksa Barbier from the Housing, City Planning and Environment Management department; City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, who opened his door to me when I knocked and requested the relevant official documentation, as well as the relevant contact people for the purposes of this study. My thanks also to the then Gauteng Department of Development Planning and Local Government and the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality for allowing me to use their policies and documentation during the research process. I am also grateful to Ms Merriam Moetse who stood by me through thick and thin; Tshungu and Dorothy for their encouragement, support, and prayers. Thanks to Fredah and Lesego for helping with the binding of manuscripts. Thanks to Naniki Moeketsi, Annah Maepa and Selina Nepfumbada for assisting with the typing of the handwritten notes I gave to them, based on the responses from questionnaires, for completion of some sections of chapter 5. The help of various other people that I met during the period of study and whom I will not mention by name, because of running the risk of omitting someone, is gratefully acknowledged. Your words of encouragement sparked the urge to move until this dissertation was complete. iii My beloved family members; Themba, my husband; Mpho, Amogelang and Sinovuyo my children, who constantly served as my pillar of strength and offered me unconditional love, flexibility and support during my years of study. Guys, I could not have done this without you. I am indebted to you in a manner I will never be able to repay. Many thanks. I hope this serves as a motivation for my children to follow in my footsteps. To my parents, who never got the means to go to school themselves, but understood and had wisdom to encourage all their children to go to school, so as to learn and make something of themselves, I really am proud of you. I owe my courage and perseverance to you my mother, Josephine and father Alpheus, as you can obviously see that your words of wisdom really paid off. Special thanks go to my supervisor at the University of South Africa, Professor Frik De Beer, who patiently guided my work during the whole period of study. Your support and patience triggered enormous energy that motivated me to complete this dissertation. Thank you to Mr Jason Wildman of the Cartographic Publications, Geomatics department; City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, assisted by Ms Rina Dreyer, for compiling and issuing the maps for purposes of this study. My language editor, Ms Alexa Barnby for willingly taking up the laborious task of editing this manuscript. Your efforts are highly appreciated and support immeasurable. My special thanks go to you. Many thanks to the Lord Almighty, who gave me qualities such as determination, motivation and perseverance that, against all odds, served as vehicles in completing this dissertation. iv ABSTRACT The importance of developing the rural and urban areas in an integrated manner is a fact that can no longer be ignored by not only the proponents of the development planning approach, but by all the governments in the developing world. The long history of separate development has left scars on the planning system in South Africa, and this poses serious challenges to the new democratic state, particularly the local government sphere that has to ensure redress of the previous imbalances and inequalities. Through democratic local governance and active community participation in the development of rural and urban areas, some of the fruit of integrated development planning can be realised. The Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality case study shows that there is an interface between the rural and urban areas. The methodology employed enabled a more comprehensive analysis of the key areas where the rural and urban areas interface as well as the interventions that could foster the interaction between rural and urban areas. Although the development of rural and urban areas should be prioritised, developing the rural areas is perceived to be more urgent due to their history of underdevelopment during the apartheid era. Therefore development initiatives should be guided by the local context as well as the actual needs identified by communities. Key terms: Tshwane Metropolitan area; Rural-urban interface; Integrated Development Planning; Apartheid policies; Community participation; Sectoral analysis; local context; development planning approach. v CONTENTS…………………………………………………….………………...PAGE NO. DECLARATION ………………………………………………………..…………..……..…ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………iii-iv ABSTRACT………………………..…………………………………………………………..v TABLE OF CONTENTS………...…………………………………………...………….vi-xvi LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS, DIAGRAMS AND MAP………………………......xvii-xviii ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………...……….. xix-xx CHAPTER ONE: THE RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROPOSAL…………...……..…1 1.1. DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM……..…..1 1.1.1. Introduction……………………………………………….…………………..1-2 1.1.2. Context of Dissertation ………………..………………….………...………..2-3 1.1.3. The new planning framework in South Africa……………………………….3-5 1.1.4. Policy and Legislative Framework………………………………………...…5-6 1.1.5. Concepts of rural-urban planning and interface …………………………….7-8 1.1.6. Defining Rural and Urban……………………………………….……….…9-10 1.1.7. The Rural-Urban Interface……………………..……………………...…...10-12 1.2. REASONS FOR SELECTING THIS PROBLEM………….……………………..12-13 1.3. ASSUMPTIONS………………………………………………..……….……...……..14 1.4. RESEARCH PROBLEM/ PROBLEM STATEMENT ………………………..….14-16 1.5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DISSERTATION……………………….…16-17 1.6. ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM…………………………………………………17-18 1.6.1. Problem Analysis: Logical Framework Analysis (LFA)..........………………18 1.6.1.1 Problem Analysis: (cause effect relationship) …………………………….18-22 1.6.1.2. Objectives Analysis ( means – end relationship) …………………………23-24 1.7. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH……………………………………………………..…24 1.7.1. Sectoral and Spatial Analysis…………………………………………....24-25 vi 1.7.2. Description of Community, Geographical Borders and Statistical Sampling……………………………………………………………...…….…26 1.8. TERMINOLOGY ……………………………………………………...……………..26 1.8.1. Terminology…………………………………………………………….....26-28 1.9 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………...28 1.9.1. Method of Research…………………………………………..………….28-29 1.9.2. Participation Analysis (Stakeholders)……………………………………..29-30 1.9.3. The research design process……………………………………………….30-31 1.9.4 Sampling process……………………………………………………………...31 1.9.4.1. Ward and community members…………………………………..31-33 1.9.4.2. Coordinators for planning regions: Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality officials………………………………………...………..33 1.9.5. Techniques for data collection…………………………………..…………….34 1.9.5.1. Questionnaires………………..……………………………………….34 1.9.5.2 In-depth interviews……………………,,,,,………...……………..34-35 1.9.5.3. Analysis of literature………………………………………..………...35 1.9.5.4. Data analysis……………………………….…………………...…35-36 1.9.6. Challenges encountered……………………………………………………36-37 1.9.7. Limitations of the study……………………………………………..…...........37 1.10. FORMAT OF DISSERTATION…………………………………………………..37-39 CHAPTER TWO: RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ……………………………………………………...40 2.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………........40-43 2.2. DEFINITION ……………………………………………………………………...43-44 2.3. CONCEPTUALISATION OF THE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE: VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES……………………………………………………………………...44 2.3.1. A spatial perspective …………………………………………………........44-52 2.3.2. A spatial perspective: A case of Cuba……………………………………..52-53 2.3.3. A spatial organisation: Categorisation of rural and urban areas in South Africa and in the CTMM……………………………………………………….…53-56 2.3.4. A socio-economic perspective……………………………………….…….56-66 2.4. RURAL URBAN FRINGE…………………………………………………..……66-73 vii 2.5. THE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE AROUND CITIES -PERI-URBAN AREAS………………………………………………………………………..…...74-77