Lessons from Latin American Cities RESULTS BRIEF No. 1 September 2020 Urban transformations and health: Results from the TransMiCable evaluation The TrUST research project seeks to understand how TransMiCable and the urban transformations that accompany this intervention impact people’s health. This study is part of the SALURBAL project, and Neighborhood emerges from a health in all policies approach to satisfaction advocating for sustainable, active, safe, and inclusive mobility. This policy brief presents results from the evaluation Free Air of the multi-dimensional transformations observed time quality in the areas of influence of TransMiCable in Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá. Research was carried out between 2018 and 2020 with residents of Ciudad Bolívar and San Cristóbal, with a multidisciplinary team and a mixed-methods approach. Transport Physical activity Understanding these transformations and the way in which they are experienced by local residents allows for a timely assessment of the project and will guide future interventions. Quality Security of life RESULTS FROM THE TRANSMICABLE EVALUATION 21 Health in all policies Transport: a basic service and social determinant of health Health in All Policies is an approach that seeks to understand and transform the way in which urban environments affect health, in order to promote more inclusive and healthy cities (1). Social determinants of health are the daily conditions in which people live, move, and work (2), as determined by the urban environment (3). Inaugurated in December 2018 System length: 3.43 km The case of TransMiCable in Ciudad Bolívar allows Number of cabins: 163 us to evaluate the impact of rapid urban expansion Number of stations: 4 and the specific challenges faced by an Daily passengers pre-pandemic: 21,000 Daily passengers during the pandemic: unincorporated neighborhood on the social 10,000-15,000 determinants of health (4, 5, 6). Intersectoral governance: Transport and urban renewal TransMiCable system and interventions in Ciudad Bolívar In 2007, community leaders in Ciudad Bolívar were inspired by Medellín and 6 mobilized to demand the construction 3 of a cable car system (7). This activism was fundamental to sustaining the 1 2 project through multiple government 5 administrations. 4 The implementation of TransMiCable 1. Illimani Park 4. Manitas Station cable car system and accompanying 2. Paradise Lookout Station 5. John Paul II Station urban renewal interventions reduce 3. Lookout Point 6. Tunal Station segregation by connecting this community with the rest of the city Physical improvements Local markets and increasing access to to homes Community centers urban services. Geomorphological Citizen services office hazard reduction Recreational and cultural Tourist office infrastructure 2 URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND HEALTH TransMiCable makes Changes in travel time within the mobility easier area of impact of TransMiCable 180 170 -21.6 min. 160 80% of trips made by Ciudad 150 (-15.0%) Bolívar residents are by public 140 130 transport (8). 120 110 -10.6 min. The average travel time of Ciudad 100 90 (-12.0%) Bolívar residents by public trans- 80 port is 59.3 minutes each way. 70 -15.5 min. 4.4 min. 60 Time (Minutes) 50 (-43.9%) (21.5%) The average time of compulsory 40 30 and non-compulsory trips for 20 TransMiCable users decreased by 10 0 22 minutes per trip. p-value 0.005 0.056 0.001 0.008 Time savings are greater in waiting time than in time spent in T0 * T1 ** T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 a vehicle. Total Time in vehicle Waiting time Walking Satisfaction levels 12% of the adult population started using the “The time that my husband saves in going up from TransMiCable regularly. the Tunal station is 50 minutes compared to the feeder bus service. That is the best, that he has time to share with us as a family” Satisfaction with public transport in Ciudad Bolívar Resident rose from 4.4/10 to 5.4/10. Satisfaction with the TransMiCable is 8.7/10. The main expectations with the arrival of TransMiCable focused on reduced travel time, improved safety (in the vehicle), and travel comfort. After the cable car's implementation, these expectations were exceeded * T0: Baseline measurement ** T1: Follow up measurement after the intervention RESULTS FROM THE TRANSMICABLE EVALUATION 23 TransMiCable gave us Average free time leisure activities in more free time the last month per person “Before, we had a 45-minute commute. With TransMiCable, we have a journey of 13 minutes. We have 30 minutes to rest. In my case, I would leave at 4am to catch transport, now I can easily leave at close to 5am” Resident realized in a month # of leisure activities 8.4 8.7 8.1 5.7 T0 T1 T0 T1 Ciudad Bolívar San Cristóbal “This project is being visited by the Secretariat of Housing and it will be finished soon. It gives a lot of joy; it gives Participants from Ciudad Bolívar reported good image, and it will change inhabitants’ an increase in time spent on activities quality of life: they won’t have to get dirty that are not work or household chores. anymore, and it’s very beautiful" Resident TransMiCable transformed our neighborhood 41% of participants in Ciudad Bolívar increased their satisfaction with the neighborhood. 19% of participants in Ciudad Bolívar identied neighborhood parks that they had not previously identied, and they assigned these parks the highest rating. 4 URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND HEALTH TransMiCable gave us cleaner air Inhaled dose per trip in transport microenvironments ) -1 40 30 10 20 x 10 less eBC (µg trip 30.8 27.3 13.8 13.1 16.6 15.6 1.6 0 ) -1 80 60 5 (µg trip 40 x 2.5 20 less PM 50.1 85.4 40.6 56.1 39.1 51.7 10.2 0 - 2500 ) 2000 -1 1500 9 1000 x 500 less CO (µg trip 2419 2011 2131 2458 1772 2170 255 0 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T1 Integrated transport system Pedestrian Feeder bus TransMiCable In 2018, the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) in Ciudad Bolivar were 20ug/m3, which exceeds the annual recommended maximum of the World Health Organization (9). Exposure to PM2.5, eBC (soot) and CO (carbon monoxide) in TransMiCable cabins is lower than in other transport microenvironments (feeder bus, SITP, or informal vehicles). The inhaled dose per trip is less for trips that include the cable car. Simulated inhaled dose per trip 400 200 14000 p-value<0.0001 p-value<0.0001 p-value<0.0001 12000 Feeder bus + TransMilenio 300 150 10000 8000 200 100 6000 100 50 4000 TransMiCable + TransMilenio 2000 0 0 0 PM2.5(µg) eBC(µg) CO(µg) RESULTS FROM THE TRANSMICABLE EVALUATION 25 With TransMiCable, Levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity we are more active are higher among TransMiCable users “This is our Ilimaní park where neighborhood kids Average daily minutes of Moderate or come to enjoy recreational activities. We hope Vigorous Physical Activity* they get more involved in these activities because there are many who are getting 60 involved in drugs” Resident 50 40 We observed an increase in moderate and vigorous physical activity in parks 30 in Ciudad Bolívar. 20 57.6 45.0 29.1 10 0 Public Private TransMiCable Transport Transport SOPARC **: Moderate or Vigorous Physical Activity observed in parks p<0.001 p=0.002 The park renovation (of Illimani and % Manitas) created space for socializing 100 and physical activity. 90 80 70 57.8 60 72.8 50 84,4 85.0 40 30 20 42.2 27.2 10 15.6 15.0% 0 T0 Ilimaní T1 T0 Manitas T1 ** SOPARC is a direct observation instrument for evaluating parks and Physical Activity recreation areas, including levels of physical activity of park users. Sedentary Moderate or Vigorous 6 URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND HEALTH TransMiCable improved our quality of life Health-related quality of life 100 90 80 Health-related quality of life 70 increased by 3.9 points 60 among participants from 50 Ciudad Bolívar. Score 40 30 Health-related quality of life 20 51.8 56.2 64.2 66.3 53.3 52.7 62.0 64.6 increased among women in 10 Ciudad Bolívar by 4.4 points; 0 in men there was no change. T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 Women Men Women Men Ciudad Bolívar San Cristóbal “TransMiCable is critical because around here everything had been totally abandoned by the authorities. But right now, you can see another reality, and it is very nice to have a better quality of life” Resident RESULTS FROM THE TRANSMICABLE EVALUATION 27 TransMiCable increased “In terms of safety inside the cabins, that has improved a lot; one feels very safe, our sense of security one is seated, calm. This system has many means of security: internal camera, each station has police officers, and there are applications where you Victimization and perceived insecurity report any incidents” Resident 100 90 80 70 60 In 2019, 18.5% of homicides in Bogotá 50 occurred in Ciudad Bolívar. 40 The annual homicide rate in Ciudad 30 Bolívar is 25.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. 20 After the implementation of TransMiCa- 10 51.8 56.2 64.2 66.3 53.3 52.7 62.0 64.6 ble, perceived insecurity decreased 0 among residents of Ciudad Bolívar. Residents of Ciudad Bolívar reported a T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 decrease in the number of homes Perceived Perceived victims of theft and robbery. Victimization Victimization insecurity insecurity Ciudad Bolívar San Cristóbal TransMiCable decreased our mistrust in public institutions The percentage of people reporting low or no Among TransMiCable users, levels of trust in the government dropped from 93% mistrust of neighbors dropped from 62% to 86%.