BEAUTY, POWER, PROPAGANDA, AND CELEBRATION: PROFILING WOMEN IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY ITALIAN COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS by CHRISTINE CHIORIAN WOLKEN Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Edward Olszewski Department of Art History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERISTY August, 2012 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Christine Chiorian Wolken _______________________________________________________ Doctor of Philosophy Candidate for the __________________________________________ degree*. Edward J. Olszewski (signed) _________________________________________________________ (Chair of the Committee) Catherine Scallen __________________________________________________________________ Jon Seydl __________________________________________________________________ Holly Witchey __________________________________________________________________ April 2, 2012 (date)_______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. 1 To my children, Sofia, Juliet, and Edward 2 Table of Contents List of Images ……………………………………………………………………..….4 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………...…..12 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...15 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………16 Chapter 1: Situating Sixteenth-Century Medals of Women: the history, production techniques and stylistic developments in the medal………...44 Chapter 2: Expressing the Link between Beauty and Virtue: some medals of women from Reggio Emilia and Ferrara……………………………...69 Chapter 3: Pastorino de’ Pastorino and the Families of the Este, Sacrati, and Trotti medals as mementos………………………………….………………....102 Chapter 4: Maintaining the Tradition: medals of women from the Gonzaga Family……………………………………………………..….135 Chapter 5: For the Love of the Family (and State): medallic imagery and propaganda on the medals of Eleonora of Toledo, Isabella, and Lucrezia de’ Medici………………………………………………….....169 Chapter 6: Marketing and Celebrating Women Artists of the Sixteenth Century: the medals of Sofonisba Anguissola, Lavinia Fontana, and Diana Scultori……………………….…………..212 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..…..…..266 Appendix: Images………………………………………………………………..…270 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………....320 3 List of Images* Figure 1. Pisanello, John VIII Palaeologus, 1438, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 2. Pisanello, Medal of Cecilia Gonzaga, 1447, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 3. Jacopo da Trezzo, Medal of Mary Tudor, 1554, British Museum, London. Figure 4. Pier Paolo Galeotti, Medal of Chiara Tolentino Taverna, obverse, 1554, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. Figure 5. Leone Leoni, Medal of Ippolita Gonzaga, obverse, Museen, Münzkabinett, Berlin. Figure 6. Leonardo da Vinci, Ginevra de’ Benci, c.1474-78, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 7. Parmigianino, Antea, c. 1531-34, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples. Figure 8. Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck, begun 1534, Galleria degli Uffizi. Figure 9. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Medal of Camilla Ruggieri, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 10. Bombarda, Medal of Leonora Cambi, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 11. Unidentified, Medal of Unidentified Woman, Reggio Emilia. Figure 12. Gian Antonio Signoretti, Medal of Costanza Bocchi, 1560, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 13. Bombarda, Medal of Anna Maurella Oldofredi d’Iseo, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 14. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Medal of Lucia Ruspagiari, British Museum, London. Figure 15. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Medal of Lucia Ruspagiari, British Museum, London. Figure 16. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Medal of Isabella Riario, late 16th century. Figure 17. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Medal of Claudia Pancalieri (?), late 16th century, Royal Cabinet, Munich. 4 Figure 18. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Medal of an Unidentified Woman and Onlooker, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 19. Lelio Orsi, Bust of a Young Women and Naked Torso of an Old Man, drawing, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Figure 20. Alfonso Ruspagiari, Self-Portrait Medal, c. 1566, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 21. Lelio Orsi, Study for a Medal, drawing, Galleria Estense, Modena. Figure 22. Giovanni Bellini, Prudence, 1490, Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice. Figure 23. Piero del Pollaiuolo, Prudence, c. 1469-70, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Figure 24. Giovanni Bellini, Woman/Venus with a Mirror, 1515, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Figure 25. Titan, Venus with a Mirror, 1555, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 26. Bombarda, Medal of Lucrezia de’ Medici, 1560-61, Taverna Collecion, Milan. Figure 27. Bombarda, Medal of Leonora Cambi, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 28. Lelio Orsi, Study for a frieze with a putto within a cartouche, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Figure 29. Lelio Orsi, One of eight fragments with masts in cartouches, Galleria Estense, Modena. Figure 30. Bombarda, Medal of Violante Brasavola, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 31. Aegidius Sadeler, Pompeia, Wife of Julius Caesar, engraving, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Figure 32. Bombarda, Medal of Anna Maurella Oldofredi d’Iseo, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 33. Unidentified, Medal of Ortensia Piccolomini, early 16th century, Museo Nazionale del Bargello. 5 Figure 34. Danese Cattaneo, Medal of Elisabetta Querini, 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. Figure 35. Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, detail, 1482, Galleria degli Uffizi. Figure 36. Marcantonio Raimondi, The Judgment of Paris, engraving, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Figure 37. Raphael, The Three Graces, 1500-1505, Musèe Condè, Chantilly. Figure 38. Bombarda, Medal of Giovanni Pigna, post 1559, British Museum, London. Figure 39. Bombarda, Medal of Isabella Mariani Carcass, late 16th century, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 40. Bombarda, Medal of Unidentified Woman, late 16th century National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 41. Sperandio, Medal of Ercole I d’Este and Eleonora of Aragon, c. 1473, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. Figure 42. Giancristoforo Romano, Medal of Isabella d’Este, 1498, British Museum, London. Figure 43. Style of Giancristoforo Romano, Medal of Lucrezia Borgia, c. 1502, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 44. Giancristoforo Romano, Medal of Lucrezia Borgia, Civiche collezioni numismatiche, Milan. Figure 45. Circle of Giancristoforo Romano, Medal of Lucrezia Borgia, c.1502, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 46. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Ercole II d’Este, 1554, British Museum, London. Figure 47. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Ippolito d’Este, 1554, British Museum, London. Figure 48. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Francesco d’Este, 1554, British Museum, London. Figure 49. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Alfonso II d’Este, c.1554, British Museum, London. 6 Figure 50. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Luigi d’Este, c.1554, British Museum, London. Figure 51. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Lucrezia d’Este, obverse, 1552, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Figure 52. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Eleonora d’Este, reverse, 1552, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Figure 53. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Girolama Sacrati, 1555, Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. Figure 54. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Girolama Sacrati, 1555-65. Figure 55. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Barbara Sacrati, 1555-65, Bibliotéque Nationale, Paris. Figure 56. Unidentified, Medal of Alfonso I d’Este, 1447, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 57. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Caterina Sacrati, 1555, British Museum, London. Figure 58. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Ercole Trotti, 1555, British Museum, London. Figure 59. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Ginevra Trotti, 1556, Bibliotéque Nationale, Paris. Figure 60. Pastorino de’ Pastorini, Medal of Isabella Trotti, 1556. Figure 61. Jacopo da Trezzo, Medal of Isabella Capua Gonzaga, British Museum, London. Figure 62. Jacopo da Trezzo, Medal of Isabella Capua Gonzaga, c. 1550, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 63. Andrea Mantegna, The Vestal Virgin Tuccia with a Sieve, c. 1495-1506, National Gallery of Art, London. Figure 64. Andrea Mantegna, Woman Drinking (Sophonisba?), c. 1495-1506, National Gallery of Art, London. Figure 65. Domenico Beccafumi, Personification of Justice, 1529-1535, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena. 7 Figure 66. Jacopo da Trezzo, Medal of Ippolita Gonzaga, British Museum, London. Figure 67. Gafori, Practica Musicae, 1496, frontispiece. Figure 68. Leone Leoni, Medal of Ippolita Gonzaga, Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Figure 69. Titian, Diana and Actaeon, 1556-1559, National Gallery of Art, London. Figure 70. Jacopo da Trezzo, Medal of Ippolita Gonzaga, 1551, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 71. Unknown, Medal of Cosimo de’ Medici, probably 1465/69, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Figure 72. Bertoldo da Giovanni, Medal commemorating the Pazzi Conspiracy, 1478, The British Museum, London. Figure 73. Niccolò Fiorentino, Medal of Lorenzo de’ Medici, 1490, The Wallace Collection, London. Figure 74. Domenico di Polo, Medal of Cosimo de’ Medici and Alessandro de’ Medici, 1537, National Gallery