TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN URBAN GUJARAT A Thesis submitted to Gujarat Technological University for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by Anadkat Vijay Laljibhai Enrollment No: 129990906006 under supervision of Dr G P Vadodaria Principal, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD January 2017 TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN URBAN GUJARAT A Thesis submitted to Gujarat Technological University for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by Anadkat Vijay Laljibhai Enrollment No: 129990906006 under supervision of Dr G P Vadodaria Principal, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD January 2017 i © Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat ii DECLARATION I declare that the thesis entitled “Technological intervention to improve Quality of Drinking water in Urban Gujarat” submitted by me for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is the record of research work carried out by me during the period from October 2012 to November 2016 under the supervision of Dr G P Vadodaria and this has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship, titles in this or any other University or other institution of higher learning. I further declare that the material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis. I shall be solely responsible for any plagiarism or other irregularities, if noticed in the thesis. Signature of the Research Scholar: …………………………… Date: Name of Research Scholar: Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat Place: Ahmedabad iii CERTIFICATE I certify that the work incorporated in the thesis “Technological intervention to improve Quality of Drinking water in Urban Gujarat” submitted by Shri Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat was carried out by the candidate under my supervision/guidance. To the best of my knowledge: (i) the candidate has not submitted the same research work to any other institution for any degree/diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles (ii) the thesis submitted is a record of original research work done by the Research Scholar during the period of study under my supervision, and (iii) the thesis represents independent research work on the part of the Research Scholar. Signature of Supervisor: ……………………………… Date:………………… Name of Supervisor: Dr G P Vadodaria Principal, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad Place: Ahmedabad iv Originality Report Certificate It is certified that PhD Thesis titled “Technological intervention to improve Quality of Drinking water in Urban Gujarat” by Shri Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat has been examined by us. We undertake the following: a) Thesis has significant new work / knowledge as compared already published or is under consideration to be published elsewhere. No sentence, equation, diagram, table, paragraph or section has been copied verbatim from previous work unless it is placed under quotation marks and duly referenced. b) The work presented is original and own work of the author (i.e. there is no plagiarism). No ideas, processes, results or words of others have been presented as Author own work. c) There is no fabrication of data or results which have been compiled / analysed. d) There is no falsification by manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. e) The thesis has been checked using <name of any reputed plagiarism check software> (copy of originality report attached) and found within limits as per GTU Plagiarism Policy and instructions issued from time to time (i.e. permitted similarity index <=25%). Signature of the Research Scholar : …………………………… Date: ….……… Name of Research Scholar: Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat Place : Ahmedabad Signature of Supervisor: ……………………………… Date: ……………… Name of Supervisor: Dr G P Vadodaria Principal, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad Place: Ahmedabad v PhD THESIS Non-Exclusive License to GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY In consideration of being a PhD Research Scholar at GTU and in the interests of the facilitation of research at GTU and elsewhere, I, Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat having Enrollment No. 129990906006 hereby grant a non-exclusive, royalty free and perpetual license to GTU on the following terms: a) GTU is permitted to archive, reproduce and distribute my thesis, in whole or in part, and/or my abstract, in whole or in part ( referred to collectively as the “Work”) anywhere in the world, for non-commercial purposes, in all forms of media; b) GTU is permitted to authorize, sub-lease, sub-contract or procure any of the acts mentioned in paragraph (a); c) GTU is authorized to submit the Work at any National / International Library, under the authority of their “Thesis Non-Exclusive License”; d) The Universal Copyright Notice (©) shall appear on all copies made under the authority of this license; e) I undertake to submit my thesis, through my University, to any Library and Archives. Any abstract submitted with the thesis will be considered to form part of the thesis. f) I represent that my thesis is my original work, does not infringe any rights of others, including privacy rights, and that I have the right to make the grant conferred by this non-exclusive license. g) If third party copyrighted material was included in my thesis for which, under the terms of the Copyright Act, written permission from the copyright owners is required, I have obtained such permission from the copyright owners to do the acts mentioned in paragraph (a) above for the full term of copyright protection. vi h) I retain copyright ownership and moral rights in my thesis, and may deal with the copyright in my thesis, in any way consistent with rights granted by me to my University in this non-exclusive license. i) I further promise to inform any person to whom I may hereafter assign or license my copyright in my thesis of the rights granted by me to my University in this non- exclusive license. j) I am aware of and agree to accept the conditions and regulations of PhD including all policy matters related to authorship and plagiarism. Signature of the Research Scholar: ________________________________ Name of Research Scholar: Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat Date: ____________________ Place: Ahmedabad Signature of Supervisor: ________________________________________ Name of Supervisor: Date: ____________________ Place: Ahmedabad Seal: vii Thesis Approval Form The viva-voce of the PhD Thesis submitted by Shri Vijay Laljibhai Anadkat. Enrollment No. 129990906006 entitled “Technological intervention to improve Quality of Drinking water in Urban Gujarat” was conducted on Dt. _______________(day and date) at Gujarat Technological University. (Please tick any one of the following option) □ The performance of the candidate was satisfactory. We recommend that he/she be awarded the PhD degree. □ Followings further modifications in research work is recommended by the panel □ The performance of the candidate was unsatisfactory due to following reasons. We recommend that he/she should not be awarded the PhD degree. ______________________________ _____________________________ Name and Signature of Supervisor with Seal 1) External Examiner 1 Name and Signature _______________________________ ______________________________ 2) External Examiner 2: Name and Signature 3) External Examiner 3 Name and Signature viii Abstract Key Words: Quality of Drinking Water in Urban Gujarat, Water Quality Stress Mapping, Water Treatment Analysis, Technological intervention for improvement of water quality, MIS for Drinking water This study by Gujarat Technological University (GTU) under PhD programme is taken to assess quality of water supply in all ULBs area and help them to suggest technological options to improve the quality of water in case of any issue in quality of water. It is also aimed to develop MIS for ULBs and make available aneroid based app to citizens of urban Gujarat to know quality of drinking water available to them at any point of time. Gujarat is a state in Western India, with population in excess of 60 million. Gujarat is one of the most urbanized states of India. It has an urban population of 24 million accounting for 42.6 % of total population. Gujarat falls under semi-arid zone. The long sea coastline along Saurashtra, Kutch and other parts creates the problem of salinity ingress, which affects the ground water quality on coastal belt and because of scanty and uncertain rainfall, the replenishment in dam is also not reliable, hence this areas are always under water deficiency. Data have been collected from all 167 ULBs of Gujarat state. There are 8 Municipal Corporations and 159 Municipalities. Responsibility of water supply in all these cities lies with Urban Local Bodies and water supply is largely concerned in cities of Gujarat. Based on data collection and analysis it is found that, about 80% house-holds are covered by water supply. Total production of water is about 4100 MLD. About 21% of total production of water is dependent on ground water while 66% is in form bulk purchased water. There is disparity in level of water supply in 92 ULBs, out of total 167 ULBs water supply is less than 100 LPCD. An average duration of water supply in all ULBs is about 1.5 hours. All WTP in the state are conventional Rapid Sand Filter Plant. No advance technology like UV/ Membrane based/ High filter is being used. Due to high level of dependency on ground water, more than 10% of people. This leads to risk of chemical contamination like ix fluorides, Nitrate, TDS, Salinity etc., High level TDS and salinity is common scenario across the state, while problem of salinity water quality is common in west Saurashtra & Kutch area.. Excess fluoride in North & Central Gujarat and excess Nitrate in Central & South Gujarat are found In many cities it is observed that, due to low quantity of water supplied, people often go for tapping private water sources and eventually in many cases it turns out to be ground water, this is an additional risk.