DEPLETED URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE (current situation, safe handling and prospects) 2020 Authors: Alexander Nikitin, Head of Bellona Foundation Oleg Muratov, nuclear physicist, Head of Radiation Technology Dept., TVEL JSC Ksenia Vakhrusheva, Cand. Sci. Econ., Expert, BELLONA International Foundation Editor: Elena Verevkina Design: Alexandra Solokhina This Report was prepared with support and participation of Environmental Board of the Public Council of Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation Publishers: Bellona Foundation Environmental Protection NGO ‘Ecopravo’ Expert and Legal Center TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 4 Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1. A few words about nuclear physics and radioactivity for non-specialists............... 8 Chapter 2. Uranium hexafluoride and its properties ..................................................................... 11 2.1. Physical properties of uranium hexafluoride .................................................................. 12 2.2. Chemical properties of uranium hexafluoride ................................................................ 13 Chapter 3. What is DUHF ................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. DUHF status in Russia ................................................................................................... 17 3.2. Reprocessed uranium, its features and differences from natural uranium .................... 18 Chapter 4. DUHF handling ................................................................................................................ 20 4.1. Formation and accumulation ......................................................................................... 20 4.2. DUHF storage and cask service .................................................................................... 22 4.3. Transportation ................................................................................................................ 24 4.4. Cases and possible scenarios of cask leakage during storage and transportation .................................................................................. 25 4.5. DUHF processing and use ............................................................................................. 28 4.5.1. Using DUHF in nuclear fuel cycle ......................................................................... 29 4.5.2. Using DUHF in industry ........................................................................................ 31 4.5.3. DUHF processing (defluorination)......................................................................... 35 4.6. Environmental aspects when establishing a framework for DUHF handling (licensing and state ecological assessment) .................................. 37 Chapter 5. DUHF handling economy ............................................................................................... 39 Chapter 6. Prospects of processing and elimination of DUHF stockpile................................... 42 Chapter 7. DUHF utilization abroad ................................................................................................. 44 7.1. USA ................................................................................................................................ 44 7.2. France ............................................................................................................................ 45 7.3. URENCO countries ........................................................................................................ 46 7.4. Other countries .............................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 8. How to organize public participation in solving issues of safe DUHF handling ............................................................... 48 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 51 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 53 Current situation, safe handling and prospects 3 Abbreviations TUO - triuranium octoxide R&D - Research and development EIA - environmental impact assessment DUHF - depleted uranium hexafluoride DTUO - depleted triuranium octoxide EUP - enriched uranium product SNF - spent nuclear fuel RW - radioactive waste NFC - nuclear fuel cycle 4 Depleted uranium hexafluoride Foreword Nuclear technologies, as well as the processes, phenomena and consequences that arise from their use, are of interest not only to specialists, but also to a wide range of interested public. People are primarily interested in how safe these technologies are, and what their impact on human health and the environment is. Therefore, public activity and interest of the mass media that appeared in connection with the resumption of transportation of depleted uranium hexafluoride (DUHF) from Germany to ROSATOM enterprises is quite explainable. One of the reasons for the increased interest and concern of people was the lack of objective and timely information and knowledge about the technologies for use of the DUHF. The issue of DUHF handling became the subject of consideration at the highest level in the Nuclear Department, and in the regions where the enterprises that store and process the DUHF are located. The Environmental Board of the Public Council of ROSATOM established a working group, which invited representatives of environmental organizations like the Russian branch of Greenpeace, Bellona, RSEU, Grazhdanin, NIIPE, etc., as well as representatives of educational and scientific institutions and organizations of ROSATOM. It was decided that the experts of these organizations should prepare an informational report on the handling of DUHF. Public environmental organizations and activists of the regions where DUHF is stored and processed were also interested in preparing the report. The authors of this report aim to share information with the interested community, whose representatives are not specialists and do not have special knowledge in the field of nuclear energy and handling of DUHF. The authors tried to explain in the most accessible form what depleted uranium hexafluoride is, and where it comes from, what properties it has, for what purpose it is imported, how it is used and stored in the nuclear industry, as well as what rules and technologies are applied when handling this substance. In addition, the report considers prospects and phases of further use of DUHF at ROSATOM enterprises, which were defined by the ‘ROSATOM DUHF Safe Handling Program’ prepared at the end of 2019, and accepted in 2020. The main approaches to public control and issues that arose during the discussion of the concept of DUHF handling with the public are stated. The report was prepared using materials from open sources, as well as information and documents provided by fuel company TVEL JSC and TENEX JSC. Current situation, safe handling and prospects 5 Introduction The information provided in the report relates to the handling of depleted uranium hexafluoride, which is formed during the enrichment of natural uranium. The term "DUHF handling" refers to all actions related to the formation, accounting, use, processing, movement and storage of DUHF. The first Chapter deals with the basic concepts related to nuclear physics, radioactivity, and types of radiation, taking into account that the reader is not an expert in these areas of knowledge. The second Chapter contains information about how uranium hexafluoride is produced, what chemical and physical properties it has, and why it is so important for nuclear power. The third Chapter reveals the main topic of the report -- what is depleted uranium hexafluoride. Particular attention is paid to the status of the DUHF, since this issue has become a stumbling block between opponents of using foreign DUHF at Russian enterprises and those who believe that the technologies for using DUHF are absolutely acceptable in terms of security and legality. Section 3.2 "Reprocessed uranium, its features and differences from natural uranium" has been prepared due to the fact that for various reasons it is difficult for members of the public and environmental organizations to understand the differences between DUHF formed during the enrichment of natural uranium and depleted uranium obtained during the processing of recovered (reprocessed) spent nuclear fuel. The fourth Chapter offers a detailed description of all processes, which are included in the term "DUHF handling", starting from production to transportation, storage, use and processing. Cask maintenance processes and storage arrangements and transportation are described in detail. In addition, possible scenarios of emergencies and their consequences are presented. The report also presents information about the use of DUHF in the nuclear fuel cycle and industry. The fifth Chapter considers economic aspects related to DUHF handling. It is difficult to estimate the cost of storage and processing of DUHF in Russia,