TC Roving Seminar 2015 in RAO (4-6 NOV) Topic A: Risk Reduction and Mitigation of Sediment-related Disaster (1) Sediment-related disaster in Japan – The features, tendency and actual situation – (2) Sediment Disaster Countermeasures – Structural Measures and Monitoring for the Preservation of National Land – (3) Non-structural Measures – Designation of Sediment Disaster Alert Areas, Soil Precipitation Index, Warning and Evacuation systems – YOSHIKI NAGAI Research Coordinator for Sediment Disaster Prevention National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) NAOKI MATSUMOTO Researcher for Sediment Disaster Prevention National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Disaster Management System in central government in case of Huge Disasters Cabinet Prime Minister (Chair of Central Disaster Management Council) Cabinet Secretariat CAO DMB Cabinet Office Disaster Management Bureau ← Total coordination NPA National Police Agency MIC FDMA Ministry of International Affairs and Communications Fire and Disaster Management Agency MOJ Ministry of Justice MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Operation Ministries related to MOF Ministry of Finance disaster management MEXT Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology MHLW GSI Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Geographical Survey Institute MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries JMA Japan Meteorological Agency METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry JCG Japan Coast Guard MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism NILIM National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management MOE Ministry of Environment 8 Regional development Bureau MOD Ministry of Defense Local Office Branch Office ※Organization chart has been simplified from a real organization chart 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN “SABO” 砂防 ? I propose that we shall call erosion-control technology “SABO”. Proposal in question and answer session at the meeting of International Association of Hydrological Sciences in Brussels, Belgium. (1951) I expect that Japan will be the world leader in torrent control works, or “Sabo” Description in the report to Bureau of Economic Sciences and Natural Resources Division in GHQ. (1952) W.C.Lodermilk U.S. Truman Presidential Technical Committee Chairman of the Supreme. He visited Japan for inspection of flood control projects in 1951. SABO has become a global term 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Why Do Dangerous Sediment-transport Phenomena Occur Frequently? Japanese precipitation is twice as much as the world average. Precipitation (mm / year) Indonesia Philippines Japan Switzerland Thailand World average U.S.A. France China Australia Iran http://www.mlit.go.jp/river/pamphlet_jirei/bousai/saigai/kiroku/suigai/suigai_3-1-1.html 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Why Do Dangerous Sediment-transport Phenomena Occur Frequently? Complex geological formation and many faults Middle and northern Europe The Japanese archipelago Legend The Quaternary The Tertiary The Mesozoic ～ the Tertiary The Mesozoic London The Paleozoic ～the Mesozoic Amsterdam The Paleozoic Precambrian era (metamorphic rock) Berlin Extrusive rock Igneous rock Intrusive rock fault New York Eastern United States Source: “Geological Features and Geological Environment Washington of the Japanese Archipelago: For the Management of Rich and Safe Land”, Japan Geotechnical Consultants Association 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN The topography is very steep About 73% of the national territory is occupied by mountain land. About 68% is covered by forest. The rivers are short and rapid. The longitudinal profiles of river Loire R. Elevation (m) Japan Other country 1000 Joganji R. 800 Abe R. Shinano R. Colorado R. Tone R. 600 Seine R. 400 200 Mekong R. 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 国総研 National Institute forRiver Land mouth and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Distance from river mouth (km) The longitudinal profiles of river Why Does It Lead to Disaster? Small inhabitable land area → “Dangerous sediment-transport phenomenon” and “people’s livelihoods” tend to overlap. Area of Inhabitable Area of inhabitable land as a country land percentage country of total land （10,000㎢） （10,000㎢） area （%） Japan 37.86 10.35 27.3 UK 24.38 20.63 84.6 France 54.79 39.72 72.5 German 35.67 23.79 66.7 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Reasons Why Dangerous Sediment-transport Phenomena Occur Frequently Hypocenter distribution and Plates in the world Active volcano distribution in Japan Source: extract of White Paper on Disaster Management 2008 有珠山 Mt. Usu ▲ランクＡの火山 ▲ランクＢの火山 ▲ランクＣの火山 ▲ランク分け対象外 浅間山 Mt. Asama 雲仙岳 三宅島 Mt. Fugendake Miyake-jima Island 桜島 Sakura-jima Island 日本の活火山分布 (Note)1998-2007, magnitude 5 or greater, Source: Formulated by JMA based on the epicenter data of the United States Geological Survey Japanese islands vulnerable to damages by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone nations in the world Japan lies at the nexus of the Philippine, Eurasian, and Pacific plates. In an area that makes up only 0.25% of the world, more than 20% of the world’s earthquakes of magnitude of 6 or above occur in Japan. North American Plate Eurasian Plate Eurasian Plate Philippine Sea Plate the locations of earthquakes of magnitude 4 or greater that occurred around the world from 1990 to 2000. 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Location of the earthquakes In 2008 earthquake in Iwate・Miyagi In 1995 earthquake in southern Hyogo In 2004 earthquake in Niigata In 2005 earthquake in Fukuoka Earthquake country Japan 20 % of the world’s In国総研 2009 earthquakeNational Institute in Shizuoka for Land and Infrastructure earthquakeManagement, in Japan MLIT, JAPAN In 1984 earthquake in western Nagano Volcanic Activity Mount Unzen-Fugen in 1990 Mount Usu in March 2000 Mount Asama In September 2004 Great number of mud flood/flow occur. No casualties due to quick evacuation. Dead and missing rise to 43. Mid-scale eruption after an absence of 21 years. Active volcano distribution Miyake Island In July 2000 All of the Island’s residents, 3,900 people, Mount Kirishima (Shinmoedake)In January 2011 evacuated. Mid-scale eruption after an absence of 54 years. 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Volcano Hakone 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Volcano Hakone 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Volcano Hakone 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Volcano Hakone 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Volcano Kuchinoerabu Island 29 MAY 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN Ash fall by Volcano Aso eruption on 14 SEP 2015 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN 17 Ash fall by Volcano Aso eruption on 14 SEP 2015 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN 18 Ash fall by Volcano Aso eruption on 14 SEP 2015 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN 19 Sediment Disaster in Japan in 2015 9/10 As of 30 SEP 田茂沢 The number of Debris flow 中坪上沢 Occurrence 滝向沢 ウドン沢 中坪下沢 ７３７ 間の沢 （仮称） Debris flow ：１３３ 下坪下沢 ： ４０ landslide 下坪沢 （仮称） Slope failure：５６４ Damage 芹沢 Dead : 2 Injured : 4 にっこう せりさわ 栃木県日光市芹沢 かぬまし ひよしちょう 9/10 Slope failure たるみず ふたがわふかみなと 栃木県鹿沼市日吉町 鹿児島県垂水市二川深港 8/17 がけ崩れ 崩壊地 人家全壊1戸 崩壊地 6/24ほか 土石流等 凡例 発生件数 被害状況 30～ 30 10～ 10 国道２２０号 1～ 1 0 被害状況 Ｗ＝２００ｍ みなみしんまち 6/10 Landslide 4/15頃 Landslide もがみぐん とざわむら 6/14 Slope failure 鹿児島県鹿児島市南新町 山形県最上郡戸沢村 平崎集落 崩壊地 崩壊地 半壊 Ｌ＝２８０ｍ 被害状況 被害状況 市道 崩壊土砂 ぼうのつ 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,鹿児島県南さつま市坊津 MLIT,平崎港 JAPAN Sediment Disaster in Japan in 2014 ※Quick estimation Debris flow, etc. Debris flow, etc. Dead: 72 As of Aug. 30 10:00 Missing: 2 Number of occurrence Dead: 1 Injured: 43 of sediment disasters: Injured: 1 Number of houses 889 Number of houses Completely destroyed: 24 Completely destroyed: 1 Debris flow, etc.: 258 Half destroyed: 41 Landslide : 55 partially destroyed: 56 Slope failure: 576 Source: disaster countermeasures office 【Damages】 in Hiroshima Pref. Human damage Dead: 77 Missing: 2 damage Injured: 51 House damage Completely destroyed: 45 Ichijima Town, Tamba City, Half destroyed: 53 Hyogo Pref. Partially destroyed: 129 Asaminami and Asakita wards, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Pref. Dead: 1 damage Debris flow, etc. Number of houses Completely destroyed: 1 Dead: 1 Legend Slope failure Half destroyed: 1 Injured: 3 Number of occurrence Partially destroyed:1 Number of houses Completely destroyed: 10 damage partially destroyed: 3 NagisoTown, Kiso County, Shinminato Town, Iwakuni City, Nagano Pref. Slope failure Yamaguchi Pref. Landslide Injured: 1 Number of houses Half destroyed: 1 Partially destroyed:1 Kagamimatobuchi, Kochi City, SeikaTown, Fukuchiyama City, Kochi Pref. Kyoto Pref. 国総研 National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT, JAPAN 2004～2013 Number of sediment disasters,