Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENT Pages Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Background and Context ............................................................................................. 10 1.2 Objectives of Social Assessment .................................................................................. 11 1.3 Scope of the Social Assessment ................................................................................... 12 1.4 Methodology of Social Assessment ............................................................................. 12 1.4.1 Study Approach ......................................................................................................... 12 1.4.2 Data Collection Methods and Tools ......................................................................... 13 1.4.2.1 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................. 13 1.4.2.1.1 Secondary Data Collection Methods ...................................................... 13 1.4.2.1.2 Primary Data Collection Methods ......................................................... 14 1.4.2.2 Data Collection Tools ....................................................................................... 15 1.4.2.3 Selection of Kebeles and Study Participants .................................................. 15 2. Review of Institutional and Legal Frameworks ................................................................ 16 2.1 Institutional Arrangement Regarding the Implementation of RPLRP .................. 16 2.2 National Legislation and World Bank Safeguard Policies ....................................... 20 2.2.1 Constitution of Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 20 2.3 Ethiopian Laws on Pastoralists and Minority Groups ............................................. 20 2.3.1 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of World Bank.............................. 22 2.3 Ethiopian Legislation and World Bank Policies on Public Consultation Requirements .............................................................................................................. 23 2.4 Ethiopian Legislation and World Bank Policies on Social Impacts of Projects ..... 23 3. Key Findings of the Social Assessment .............................................................................. 24 3.1 Biophysical Environment of Studied Woredas........................................................... 24 i 3.1.1 Hammar Woreda ........................................................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Surma Woreda ............................................................................................................ 25 3.1.3 Nyagatom Woreda ...................................................................................................... 26 3.1.4 Afambo Woreda .......................................................................................................... 27 3.1.5 Moyale Woreda ........................................................................................................... 28 3.1.6 Teltelle Woreda ........................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Socio-cultural and Economic Context ........................................................................ 30 3.2.1 Community Institutions ............................................................................................ 30 3.2.1.1 LocalCommunity Institutions .......................................................................... 30 3.2.1.2 Formal Community Institutions ..................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Ethnic Relationship and Bondage Among Pastoralists .......................................... 34 3.2.3 Conflict and Its Causes in Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Areas .............................. 36 3.2.4 Traditional Conflict Resolution Mechanisms ......................................................... 38 3.2.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism During Project Implementation ......................... 42 3.2.6 Gender Issues ............................................................................................................. 43 3.2.6.1 Gender Roles ..................................................................................................... 45 3.2.6.2 Gender Relations .............................................................................................. 46 3.2.7 Livelihood Activities .................................................................................................. 48 3.2.8 Land Tenure System ................................................................................................. 50 3.2.8.1 Land Use for Grazing ....................................................................................... 51 3.2.8.2 Land Use for Farming ...................................................................................... 51 3.2.9 Natural Resource Use ................................................................................................ 52 3.2.10 Vulnerability Segments of the Population .......................................................... 53 3.2.10.1 Sources of Vulnerability ................................................................................... 53 3.2.10.2 Vulnerable Groups ........................................................................................... 54 3.2.11 Physical Cultural Heritages ................................................................................. 56 3.2.12 Challenges of Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Communities .................................. 57 3.3 Government Commune and Development Programs ............................................... 61 ii 3.4 Civil Societies in Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Areas ................................................ 63 3.5 Community Consultation on RPLRP ......................................................................... 65 3.5.1 Consultation Objectives and Process ....................................................................... 65 3.5.2 Reflections and Aspiration of the Communities on RPLRP ................................. 67 3.5.3 Stakeholders’ Concerns ............................................................................................ 71 3.5.4 Concluding Remarks on Community Consultation ............................................... 72 3.6 Capacity Building ......................................................................................................... 73 3.7 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement ...................................................... 75 3.8 Participation of Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Communities During RPLRP Implementation ........................................................................................................... 76 3.9 The contribution of RPLRP for Underserved Groups ............................................. 77 3.10 Anticipated Risks and Mitigation Measures .............................................................. 79 3.10.1 Impacts and Social Risk Assessment ................................................................... 80 3.10.2 Mitigation Measures/ Strategies .......................................................................... 82 3.11 Potential RPLRP Implementation Risks, and Recommended Mitigation Measures ...................................................................................................................................... 84 References ............................................................................................................................ 91 Annex 1: Interview and Discussion Guidelines and Observation Checklists for Social Assessment (SA) ........................................................................................................... 93 Annex 2: List of People Met during SA ................................................................................. 95 Annex3: Number of Community Consultation meetings participants ................................... 96 Annex 4: Sample List of Community Consultation Participants........................................... 97 iii Abbreviations and Acronyms BP Bank Procedures CPP Country Programming Paper IDDRSI IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience Sustainable Initiatives FGD Focus Group Discussion GOs Governmental Organizations HHs Households IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development KII Key Informant Interview MIS Marketing Information System MoA Ministry of Agriculture NGOs Nongovernmental Organizations OP Operational Policies PA-SACCOs Pastoral Savings and Credit Cooperatives PCDP-3 Third Pastoral Community Development Program PCUs Project Coordination Unit RPLRP Regional Pastoral Livelihood Resilience Program RPP Regional Programming Paper PWD People with Disabilities SA Social Assessment SCs Steering Committees SNNPR Southern Peoples, Nations, and Nationalities Region TC Technical Committees WB World Bank iv Executive Summary The Regional Pastoral