Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography 16 MIGRATION IN COLONIAL SPANISH AMERICA In this collection of innovative essays an international team of contributors provides theoretical, methodological and substantive empirical analyses of a long-neglected topic in Latin American research. Covering places as varied as Bolivia and Costa Rica, and ranging in time from the sixteenth through the mid-nineteenth century, the studies will attract the attention of all Latin American specialists. They provide conclusive evidence of the ubiquity of migration in the early modern period, challenging views of immobile peasants held in the grip of static colonialism. They show that to migrate was one of the most important means of coping with Spanish colonialism. The essays are written from a multi-disciplinary perspective and thus provide data and interpretations that are novel and represent important new contributions to colonial Latin American studies. They address the basic questions of who migrated, why did they migrate, how can one interpret migration fields, what role did economic opportunity or ecological conditions play, and not least, what was the impact of migrants on non-migrant communities in both rural and urban areas. The picture that emerges is one of colonial Spanish America in continual flux: spatial mobility was no less pronounced than social/racial change. DAVID J. ROBINSON is Dellplain Professor of Latin American Geography at Syracuse University, New York Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Series editors: ALAN R. H. BAKER J. B. HARLEY DAVID WARD Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography encourages exploration of the philosophies, methodologies and techniques of historical geography and publishes the results of new research within all branches of the subject. It endeavours to secure the marriage of traditional scholarship with innovative approaches to problems and to sources, aiming in this way to provide a focus for the discipline and to contribute towards its development. The series is an international forum for publication in historical geography which also promotes contact with workers in cognate disciplines. 1 Period and place: research methods in historical geography. Edited by A. R. H. BAKER and M. BILLINGE 2 The historical geography of Scotland since 1707: geographical aspects of modernisation. DAVID TURNOCK 3 Historical understanding in geography: an idealist approach. LEONARD GUELKE 4 English industrial cities of the nineteenth century: a social geography, R. J. DENNIS 5 Explorations in historical geography: interpretative essays. Edited by A. R. H. BAKER and DEREK GREGORY 6 The tithe surveys of England and Wales, R. J. P. KAIN and H. C. PRINCE 7 Human territorially: its theory and history. ROBERT DAVID SACK 8 The West Indies: patterns of development, culture and environmental change since 1492. DAVID WATTS 9 The iconography of landscape: essays in the symbolic representation, design and use of past environments. Edited by DENIS COSGROVE and STEPHEN DANIELS 10 Urban historical geography: recent progress in Britain and Germany. Edited by DIETRICH DENECKE and GARETH SHAW 11 An historical geography of modern Australia: the restive fringe. J. M. POWELL 12 The sugar-cane industry: an historical geography from its origins to 1914. J. H. GALLOWAY 13 Poverty, ethnicity and the American city, 1840-1925: changing conceptions of the slum and the ghetto, DAVID WARD 14 Peasants, politicians and producers: the organisation of agriculture in France since 1918. M. C. CLEARY 15 The underdraining of farmland in England during the nineteenth century, A. D. M. PHILLIPS 16 Migration in colonial Spanish America. Edited by DAVID J. ROBINSON MIGRATION IN COLONIAL SPANISH AMERICA Edited by DAVID J. ROBINSON Dellplain Professor of Latin American Geography Syracuse University The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK PORT CHESTER MELBOURNE SYDNEY Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1990 First published 1990 British Library cataloguing in publication data Migration in colonial Spanish America. - (Cambridge studies in historical geography; v. 16) 1. Spanish America. Internal migration, 1620-1850 I. Robinson, David J. 304.8'098 Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Migration in colonial Spanish America/edited by David J. Robinson. p. cm. - (Cambridge studies in historical geography; 16) ISBN 0-521-36281-4 1. Migration, Internal - America - History. 2. Migration, Internal - Spain - Colonies - History. 3. Spain - Colonies - America - Population History. I. Robinson, D. J. (David James), 1939- . II. Series. HB1961.M54 1990 304.8'09171'246-<ic20 89-1042 CIP ISBN 0 521 36281 4 Transferred to digital printing 2003 US Contents List of figures page vii List of tables ix Notes on contributors xii Preface xv 1 Introduction: towards a typology of migration in colonial Spa- nish America 1 DAVID J. ROBINSON 2 Indian migration and community formation: an analysis of congregacion in colonial Guatemala 18 GEORGE LOVELL and WILLIAM R. SWEZEY 3 Migration in colonial Peru: an overview 41 NOBLE DAVID COOK 4 Migration processes in Upper Peru in the seventeenth century 62 BRIAN EVANS 5 "... residente en esa ciudad ... ": urban migrants in colonial Cuzco 86 ANN WIGHTMAN 6 Frontier workers and social change: Pilaya y Paspaya (Bolivia) in the early eighteenth century 112 ANN ZULAWSKI 7 Student migration to colonial urban centers: Guadalajara and Lima 128 CARMEN CASTANEDA 8 Migration, mobility, and the mining towns of colonial northern Mexico 143 MICHAEL M. SWANN V vi Contents 9 Migration patterns of the novices of the Order of San Francisco in Mexico City, 1649-1749 182 ELSA MALVIDO 10 Migration to major metropoles in colonial Mexico 193 JOHN KICZA 11 Marriage, migration, and settling down: Parral (Nueva Vizcaya), 1770-1788 212 ROBERT McCAA 12 Informal settlement and fugitive migration amongst the Indians of late-colonial Chiapas, Mexico 238 RODNEY WATSON 13 Migration and settlement in Costa Rica, 1700-1850 279 HECTOR PEREZ BRIGNOLI 14 Seventeenth-century Indian migration in the Venezuelan Andes 295 EDDA O. SAMUDIO A. 15 Indian migrations in the Audiencia of Quito: Crown manipula- tion and local co-optation 313 KAREN POWERS Notes 324 Index 391 Figures 1.1 A matrix of colonial migration page 6 1.2 Migration zones in colonial Mexico 11 1.3 Theoretic patterns of migration in colonial Hispanic America 14 1.4 Patterns of migration in colonial Andean America 16 2.1 Jurisdiction y terminos of Santiago de Guatemala 19 2.2 Pueblos administered by regular and secular clergy, c. 1600 24 2.3 Encomienda succession in Sacapulas 32 2.4 Proposed division of Indian landholding at Sacapulas in the late-eighteenth century 35 2.5 A seventeenth-century depiction of the corregimiento of Totoni- capan and Huehuetenango 38 3.1 Colonial Andean settlements 48 4.1 Seventeenth-century provinces in Upper Peru 65 4.2 Provinces and pueblos of Upper Peru in the seventeenth century 66 4.3 Population distribution, Upper Peru, 1573 67 4.4 Population distribution by pueblos, Upper Peru, 1683 68 4.5 Origins of migrants in selected provinces, Upper Peru, 1683-84 72 6.1 Selected provinces of Upper Peru 113 6.2 Parishes and settlements of Pilaya y Paspaya province, 1725 114 7.1 Origins of student migrants to Guadalajara, 1699-1800 133 7.2 Regional origins of student migrants to Guadalajara, 1699-1800 134 7.3 Migration flows of students to Guadalajara 136 7.4 Peruvian origins of student migrants to Lima, 1587-1621 139 7.5 American origins of student migrants to Lima, 1587-1621 140 8.1 Southern Nueva Vizcaya in the mid-eighteenth century 147 8.2 Racial composition and civil status patterns of household heads 159 8.3a Migration fields of mining jurisdictions: Parral and Cajurichic 160 8.3b Migration fields of mining jurisdictions: Guanacevi and Cusihuiriachic 161 Vll viii List of figures 8.4 Differences in average migration distances according to age- group categories 169 9.1 In-migration of novices to San Francisco College, Mexico City, 1649-1749 186 9.2 Spanish provincial origins of novices of San Francisco College, Mexico City, 1649-1749 188 9.3 Zones of influence of the Franciscan convents of Mexico City 189 11.1 Migration zones of Parral, Nueva Vizcaya, in the late-eighteenth century 220 12.1 Changes in the tributary population of the Tuxtla parishes reported during 1770-1771 274 13.1 Physical features of Costa Rica 281 13.2 Establishment of parishes and doctrinas in the Central Valley, Costa Rica 284 13.3 Establishment of parishes in the Gulf of Nicoya region 286 13.4 Regional and total trends in baptisms, Costa Rica, 1750-1830 289 13.5 San Jose and its barrios, 1824-1848 291 13.6 Heredia and its barrios, 1824^1848 292 14.1 Settlements in the corregimiento of Merida 299 Tables 2.1 Municipios and their population range, 1973 page 20 2.2 Towns founded in the sixteenth century by regular and secular clergy 23 2.3 Tribute assessments for the 'terminos y jurisdiction' of Santiago de Guatemala, 1549-1551 25 2.4 Maya depopulation in sixteenth-century Guatemala 26 2.5 Pueblos and parcialidades in Totonicapan, c. 1683 30 2.6 Chinamitales and parcialidades in the pueblo of Sacapulas 33 2.7 Indian