Ecodesign Preparatory study on Smart Appliances (Lot 33) MEErP Tasks 1-6 FINAL REPORT Prepared by: VITO, Viegand & Maagøe, Armines and Bonn University In collaboration with Wuppertal Institute and Joanneum Research 19 January 2017 Study team Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek NV (VITO), Belgium: Koen Vanthournout, Helena Gerard, Ana Virag, Dominic Ectors, Sarah Bogaert, Sven Claessens, Grietus Mulder, Sven De Breucker, Daan Six Viegand & Maagøe ApS (VM), Denmark: Jan Viegand Association pour la Recherche et le Développement des Méthodes et Processus Industriels (ARMINES), France: Philippe Rivière Marcel Perret-Gentil Bonn University, Germany: Prof. Rainer Stamminger Jasmin Geppert In collaboration with: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy GmbH, Germany, reviewer Thomas Götz Joanneum Research, Austria Stefan Marksteiner Heribert Vallant Study team contact: Sarah Bogaert, VITO Project website: http://www.eco-smartappliances.eu/ Study accomplished under the authority of the European Commission DG Energy Specific contract no. ENER/C3/2012-418-LOT1/08/FV2014-55 under Framework Contract ENER/C3/2012-418-LOT1 The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. This report has been prepared by the authors to the best of their ability and knowledge. The authors do not assume liability for any damage, material or immaterial, that may arise from the use of the report or the information contained therein. All rights, amongst which the copyright, on the materials described in this document rest with the Flemish Institute for Technological Research NV (“VITO”), Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Register of Legal Entities VAT BE 0244.195.916 . Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary _______________________________________________________________i CHAPTER 1 Scope, standards and legislation ________________________________________ 1 1.1. Context 1 1.1.1. Policy context _______________________________________________________ 1 1.1.2. Technical and economic context _________________________________________ 5 1.2. Objective of the Preparatory Study on Smart Appliances (Lot 33) and of Task 1 7 1.3. Smart appliances within Lot 33 7 1.3.1. Definition ___________________________________________________________ 9 1.3.2. Use case examples __________________________________________________ 10 1.3.3. System Frequency Control ____________________________________________ 13 1.4. Demand Response Readiness Status 14 1.4.1. Flexibility potential of appliances _______________________________________ 15 1.4.2. Control Architectures (impact on smart appliance functionality) ______________ 23 1.4.3. Residential DR and the EU energy markets _______________________________ 26 1.5. Interoperability Status 27 1.5.1. Principles __________________________________________________________ 27 1.5.2. Communication architectures __________________________________________ 29 1.5.3. Communication carriers ______________________________________________ 32 1.5.4. Smart meters _______________________________________________________ 32 1.5.5. Standards (EU, Member State and third country level) ______________________ 33 1.6. Scope summary 48 CHAPTER 2 Market analysis_____________________________________________________ 51 2.1. Market trends 51 2.1.1. Trends in the field of smart appliances / smart home devices _________________ 52 2.1.2. Trends in the field of energy management systems _________________________ 57 2.1.3. Trends in the field of smart homes ______________________________________ 57 2.1.4. Trends/status of smart meters _________________________________________ 59 2.1.5. Trend: traditional roles will change _____________________________________ 62 2.1.6. Emerging business models related to the Internet of Things __________________ 62 2.1.7. Conclusions ________________________________________________________ 63 2.2. Current stock of appliances and estimation of share of smart appliances 64 2.2.1. Periodical appliances _________________________________________________ 64 2.2.2. Continuous appliances _______________________________________________ 67 2.2.3. Behavioural appliances _______________________________________________ 69 2.2.4. HVAC _____________________________________________________________ 71 2.2.5. Residential energy storage systems _____________________________________ 81 2.2.6. Lighting ___________________________________________________________ 82 2.3. Economic instruments - remuneration mechanisms 82 2.3.1. Use cases __________________________________________________________ 83 2.3.2. Overview of remuneration mechanisms __________________________________ 85 2.3.3. Examples of existing (DR) practices _____________________________________ 87 2.3.4. Factors for the establishment of a successful DR remuneration mechanism _____ 90 Table of Contents CHAPTER 3 USER analysis ______________________________________________________ 92 3.1. End-user perspective 92 3.1.1. Drivers and barriers for the uptake of smart appliances _____________________ 92 3.2. End-use parameters and user requirements of appliances 99 3.2.1. Periodical appliances ________________________________________________ 99 3.2.2. Continuous appliances ______________________________________________ 112 3.2.3. Behavioural appliances ______________________________________________ 128 3.2.4. HVAC ____________________________________________________________ 135 3.2.5. Battery operated rechargeable appliances ______________________________ 146 3.2.6. Residential Energy Storage System ____________________________________ 151 3.2.7. Lighting __________________________________________________________ 155 3.2.8. Conclusions _______________________________________________________ 158 3.3. Data protection, data security and consumer rights 161 3.4. Recommendations on refined product scope 165 3.5. Demand side flexibility use cases – system perspective 166 3.5.1. Definition of use cases ______________________________________________ 167 3.5.2. EU target model and scenarios ________________________________________ 169 3.5.3. Demand/Load, installed capacity and fuel prices __________________________ 170 CHAPTER 4 Technical analysis __________________________________________________ 173 4.1. Technologies for smart appliances 174 4.2. Production phase 174 4.3. Distribution phase 175 4.4. Use phase (product) 175 4.4.1. Regulations on energy consumption ___________________________________ 175 4.4.2. Network connections applicable to all smart appliances ____________________ 175 4.4.3. Appliance examples ________________________________________________ 177 4.5. End-of-Life phase 196 CHAPTER 5 DEFINITION OF BASE CASES __________________________________________ 197 5.1. Assessment model description 198 5.1.1. Definition of the model for the day-ahead use case _______________________ 198 5.1.2. Extension of the model for the imbalance use case ________________________ 200 5.2. Assessment data 201 5.2.1. Transmission network ______________________________________________ 201 5.2.2. Fuel and CO2 costs _________________________________________________ 202 5.2.3. Load shedding and VRES curtailment costs ______________________________ 204 5.2.4. Demand profiles and installed capacity _________________________________ 204 5.2.5. Wind and solar hourly profiles ________________________________________ 208 5.2.6. Forecast error hourly profiles _________________________________________ 209 5.2.7. The technical parameters ____________________________________________ 210 5.3. Summary of assumptions 210 5.4. Definition and computation of KPIs 211 5.4.1. Definition of KPIs __________________________________________________ 211 5.4.2. Calculation of KPIs _________________________________________________ 212 Table of Contents 5.5. Base case (benchmark case) 213 5.5.1. Model and data validation ___________________________________________ 214 5.5.2. Day-ahead use case _________________________________________________ 215 5.5.3. Imbalance use case _________________________________________________ 217 5.6. Conclusions 218 CHAPTER 6 Design options ____________________________________________________ 219 6.1. Assessment model description 220 6.2. Assessment data 222 6.2.1. Number of smart enabled appliances ___________________________________ 222 6.2.2. Number of residential storage appliances (home batteries) _________________ 228 6.2.3. Flexibility profile ___________________________________________________ 228 6.2.4. Assumptions ______________________________________________________ 228 6.2.5. Computation of KPIs ________________________________________________ 230 6.2.6. Day-ahead use case _________________________________________________ 231 6.2.7. Imbalance use case _________________________________________________ 239 6.2.8. Other use cases ____________________________________________________ 241 6.2.9. Evaluation of costs and benefits for the energy system _____________________ 243 6.2.10. Evaluation of the costs and benefits for the end-user ______________________ 244 6.2.11. Evaluation of the costs and benefits for industry __________________________ 249 List of references ______________________________________________________________ 251 ANNEX