DOMESTIC AND DATING VIOLENCE AGAINST LBT WOMEN IN THE EU EDITED BY GIACOMO VIGGIANI Bleeding Love: Raising Awareness on Domestic and Dating Violence Against Lesbians and Transwomen in the European Union Project coordinator: Giacomo Viggiani Scientific Leader: Susanna Pozzolo Editor: Giacomo Viggiani Authors: Anna Lorenzetti, Arianna Petilli, Bea Sándor, Giacomo Viggiani, Jasna Magi ć, Jelena Postic, Katalin Ráhel Turai, Kenneth Mills, Lora Novachkova, Maria Federica Moscati, Marta Ramos, Mia Gonan, Michaël Veltens, Monika Pisankaneva, Telmo Fernandes, and Tomas Vytautas Raskevi čius. Proofreading: Ian Pinchen Cover Design: Flavia Pellegrinelli ISBN: 978-88-909905-1-9 The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Commission. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book would not be possible without the support of the DG Justice of the EU Commission under the specific programme “Daphne 2007-2013” and the project Bleeding Love: Raising Awareness on Domestic and Dating Violence Against Lesbians and Transwomen in the European Union . The most heartfelt thanks go to the survivors of domestic and dating violence, law enforcement agencies, health and legal professionals who kindly agreed to share their much valued and intense experiences. Thanks and appreciation go to all the partners, volunteers and participants in the project Bleeding Love : Anna Lorenzetti, Beáta Judit Sándor, Benedetta Ciampa, Elena Lazzari, Elisabetta Canevini, Emanuela Bonini, Ezia Maccora, Fabio Roia, Fabrizia Bracaglia, Francesca Di Muzio, Gennaro Mastrangelo, Giovanna Camertoni, Ian Pinchen, Jana Lozanoska, Jelena Poštic, Jo Harvey Barringer, Katalin Ráhel Turai, Katrien Vanleirberghe, Kenneth Mills, Laura Cocucci, Liliana Marcantonio, Lisa Parrini, Lora Novachkova, Maria Federica Moscati, Maria Grazia Sangalli, Marko Jurcic, Marta Ramos, Michael Veltens, Michele De Chirico, Michelina Stefania, Monika Pisankeva, Nadia Iannella, Paola Parolari, Paola Biondi, Patrizia Fiore, Piergiorgio Masi, Rossella Liscio, Rossella Santi, Saverio Regasto, Simonetta Viola, Susanna Pozzolo, Tecla Mazzarese, Telmo Fernandes, Tomas Vytautas Raskevi čius, Vladimir Simonko, and Ylenia Zeqireya. Special thanks go to Jasna Magi ć, for her valuable help in drafting the final version of this book. Special thanks also go to all the European NGOs, which committed themselves to making this project successful, together with the University of Brescia: Avvocatura per i Diritti LGBTI, Háttér Society, Zagreb Pride, Broken Rainbow UK, ILGA Portugal, Lithuanian Gay League, Bilitis, and Çavaria. 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 Giacomo Viggiani INTIMATE VIOLENCE IN SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS 13 Arianna Petilli BELGIUM 27 Kenneth Mills and Michaël Veltens BULGARIA 41 Lora Novachkova and Monika Pisankaneva CROATIA 59 Jelena Postic and Mia Gonan HUNGARY 73 Bea Sándor and Katalin Ráhel Turai ITALY 87 Maria Federica Moscati LITHUANIA 105 Tomas Vytautas Raskevi čius PORTUGAL 125 Telmo Fernandes and Marta Ramos UNITED KINGDOM (ENGLAND) 139 Jasna Magi ć GLOSSARY 157 Anna Lorenzetti 5 6 INTRODUCTION Giacomo Viggiani ∗ Immodest creature, you do not want a woman who will accept your faults, you want the one who pretends you are faultless – one who will caress the hand that strikes her and kiss the lips that lie to her. George Sand, Letter of 17 June 1837 What rights do I have as a lesbian, bisexual or transgender (LBT) survivor of domestic and dating violence? How do I know if I am in an abusive relationship with my female same- sex partner? How can I stop her? By providing answers to these questions, the present study aims to deepen the knowledge and understanding of the nature of domestic violence involving female same-sex partners and dating violence against trans women and related issues in some of the countries of the European Union, namely Bulgaria, Belgium, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, and United Kingdom. The book also aims to provide an overview of the way these countries address domestic violence and dating violence in the LBT communities. The study has three main objectives: firstly, it looks at the causes of violence and the manner in which such violence is manifested. In this case, particular attention has been directed at analysing whether there are differences in the definition of domestic and dating violence in the selected jurisdictions, and what are the specifics of domestic violence in female same-sex partnerships and dating violence against trans women. Secondly, it considers good practices which are in place in the countries analysed, and agencies and institutions mandated to tackle domestic and dating violence. Finally, this book provides baseline data on these topics and calls for a subsequent research in the European Union. As reported by existent literature, lesbian, bisexual and trans women are often victims of violence and various forms of abuse by their partners as well as in and outside of family life (Ard and Makadon, 2011; Brown, 2008; Peterman and Dixon, 2003). In particular, it has been shown that the factors that give rise to episodes of domestic and dating violence are similar for both heterosexual and same-sex couples, as well as the emotional consequences, such as fear, frustration, and shame (Serra, 2013). However, most recent studies show that rates of violence are higher for those who identify as transgender (Seelman, 2015) yet the presence of these topics in political and social debate remains scarce. Although recent attempts – such as the Italian research Eva contro Eva in 2011 1 – have been made to integrate limited literature with empirical data regarding issues as such as internalised homophobia, minority stress, stereotypes related to sexual orientation and other difficulties that might arise when dealing with intimate violence between female ∗ Research Fellow in Philosophy of Law, University of Brescia. 1Source: www.evacontroeva.it, viewed 13 November 2015. 7 same-sex partners and dating violence against trans women, nevertheless the European perspective is evidently missing. The present study aims to fill a significant gap in the literature on this topic and break the silence, which shrouds this research topic. In doing so, the book responds to the prevention of violence by national and European legislators. The research falls within the scope of the Resolution 1582 (2007) on combating domestic violence against women, Resolution 1697 (2009) on the risk of domestic violence for migrant women of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation Rec(2002)5 on the protection of women against violence. The study has been conceived taking into consideration four common needs at the European level: 1) To gather information on domestic violence between female same-sex partners and dating violence against trans women; 2) to improve knowledge regarding specific issues and characteristics of intimate violence against these specific two groups of women; 3) to collect case-law and good practices on domestic violence between female same-sex partners and dating violence against trans women and 4) to encourage national awareness raising campaigns on this topic. Bleeding Love: Raising Awareness on Domestic and Dating Violence Against Lesbians and Transwomen in the European Union The researches, underpinning this book, represent core activities implemented within the project Bleeding Love: Raising Awareness on Domestic and Dating Violence Against Lesbians and Transwomen in the European Union . The twelve-month project, which has been co-financed by the DG Daphne of the European Commission, started in February 2015 2. Two main aspects were taken into consideration while selecting the countries to be studied. A first consideration has been given to geographical position in order to study the situation in as many diverse regions as possible: Italy in the South, Portugal in the West, Belgium, United Kingdom and Lithuania in the North, Bulgaria and Hungary in the East and Croatia in the Balkans. Secondly, the project also considered the national legislations regarding the rights of LBT persons, in order to have a complete overview ranging from full recognition of rights to countries where equal rights legislation is still lacking. The project consisted of the following core elements: • Comparative research analysing good practices regarding domestic and dating violence, conducted by the national governments or the civil society in the participating countries; • National awareness raising campaigns supported by a publication for citizens and an online blog where partners in the project shared research findings and other relevant information; 2 For more information, see www.bleedinglove.eu. 8 • A Twitter profile where individuals were encouraged to share or report violent incidences; • A European photo competition with its own website, and two awareness raising videos developed to raise awareness on intimate violence between female same-sex partners and dating violence against transwomen; • A two-day concluding conference and related conference proceedings (Pozzolo & Viggiani 2016). Overall, the project advances the knowledge of intimate partnership violence between female same-sex partners and dating violence against trans women. It contributes to raising awareness among women survivors as well as judges, lawyers, law enforcement