\;11 ttl I / ~ sorlI fil1l1IVffiSfifiY ...i ......._---------------- -- - United States Department of Fire Agriculture Forest Service Management S An international quarterly periodical Volume 50, NO.1 Notes devoted to forest fire management 1989 Contents 2 Fire Management: Strength Through Diversity 53 Forest Fire Simulation Video and Graphic System Harry Croft L.F. Southard 6 Major Transitions in Firefighting: 1950 to 1990 56 Smoke Management Modeling in the Bureau of Jack F. Wilson Land Management Allen R. Riebau and Michael L. Sestak 9 A Look at the Next 50 Years John R. Warren 59 Smoke From Smoldering Fires-a Road Hazard Leonidas G. Lavdas 13 Warm Springs Hotshots Holly M. Gill 63 Author Index-Volume 49 16 Wildfire Law Enforcement-Virginia Style 65 Subject Index-Volume 49 John N. Graff 19 Fire Management in the Berkeley Hills Short Features Carol L. Rice, 1 Thank you, Fire Management Notes 21 Light-Hand Suppression Tactics-a Fire Allan J West Management Challenge Francis Mohr 5 Workforce Diversity-What We Can Do! L.A. Amicare//a 31 Lightning Fires in Saskatchewan Forests c.i Oglivie 8 The Fire Equipment Working Team William Shenk 37 GSA-a Partner in Wildfire Protection 11 Smokejumper Reunion-June 1989 Larry Camp Janice Eberhardt 38 Predicting Fire Potential 15 NWCG's Publication Management System: Thomas J. Rios A Progress Report Mike Munkres 42 Wildfire 1988-a Year To Remember Arnold F. Hartigan 55 Identifying Federal Excess Personal Property Francis R. Russ 45 Documenting Wildfire Behavior: The 1988 Brereton Lake Fire, Manitoba Kelvin G. Hirsch Special Features 49 Fire Observation Exercises-a Valuable Part of 24 The Way Wc Were Fire Behavior Training Patricia L. Andrews and Stephen S. Sackett 33 The 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires. Back cover: Front cover: With this Smokey Bear poster, Fire Control Nates A lire truck used on the Mendocino National Forest published its first piece of Smokey Bear art on the in 1923. back cover 01its April 1952 issue. Fire Management Notes Overwhelmed-and We Thank You, Fire Management Notes Love It! As a former District Fire Man­ For the first issue of its 50th vol­ agement Officer, District Ranger, ume of publication, Fire Manage­ Forest Supervisor, and Director of ment Notes was overwhelmed with articles and news items. Your Fire Aviation and Management response was encouraging to all who Staff, I have seen Fire Management work on the publication to keep the Notes mature in service to the wild­ wildfire protection community and fire community. Over the years, its interested public informed about although some of the issues con­ important fire management issues fronting the fire protection commu­ and concerns. Materials submitted nity have changed, the focus of but not published in this issue will Fire Management Notes has always be used in later issues of this impor­ been on strengthening the wildfire tant anniversary year, a half-century protection effort and preventing the milestone in sharing research, policy loss of lives and natural resources. development, equipment and sup­ plies, delivery systems, and experi­ Fire Management Notes, initially ences in fire protection. We will use known as Fire Control Notes, was your important contributions and first published in 1936 and has celebrate your enthusiasm through. been published continuously since out the year! then, except for the war years of 1943 to 1945. The name Fire Man­ Doris N. Celarier, editor agement Notes was first used in Public Affairs Office, Forest 1973 when the Division of Fire Service. Washington, DC Control was changed to the Divi­ sion of Fire Management. With this anniversary issue, we begin the second half century of information A {{an J. West sharing. Fire Management Notes serves as a forum in which new developments, equipment modifications, and other matters of interest to the national and Fire Management Notes is published by the Forest Service otthe United States international fire community are discussed. Fire Management Notes is also Department 01 Agriculture, Washington, D.C. The Secretary 01 Agriculture has determined a respected medium through which the Forest Service carries out some of . that the publication 01this periodical is its technology transfer responsibilities by sharing information with the necessary in the transaction of the pUblic business required by law 01 this Depanrnem international wildfire community. Keep up the good work! Subscriptions may be obtained from the The challenging fire seasons of the past few years remind us how cooper­ Superintendent 01Documents, U,S Government Printing Office, Washington. ative and dependable the wildfire community really is and of our continu­ D.C. 20402 ing need to share information and other resources. Fire Management Notes Send suggestions and articles to Chief, has been there for the past 50-plus years, a tried and trusted tool, to help Forest seroce (Attn: Fire Management Noles), P.O. Box 96090. U.S. Department 01 us meet our many fire protection challenges. Agricu~ure. Washington, DC 20090-6090. I am deeply appreciative of Fire Management Notes' long service to the Clayton K. Vaulter Francis A. Russ wildfire community. I extend my gratitude and encouragement to those Secretary General Manager U,S. Department managers, writers, and editors whose efforts have made its publication pos­ of Agriculture Doris N, Celarier Edi\m sible. I also take this opportunity to remind you, the reader, that this is F. Dale Robertson, Chief your publication. Take the time to document your findings and experiences Forest Service and share them with others. Fire Management Notes is a reflection of your L.A. Amicarella, Director Fire and Aviation interests and contributions! Your continued support will help start us on another 50 years. Disclaimer: The use of trade, firm, or cof?Qratioo names \n this publication is lor the in/ormation and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an attica) endorsement 01 any product or service by the U.S. Department of Agricu~ure. ALLAN J. WEST Individual authors are responsible for the technicai accuracy of the material presented Deputy Chief in Fire Management Notes. State and Private Forestry 1989 Volume 50, Number 1 1 Fire Management: Strength Through Diversity Harry Croft Budget coordinator, USDA Forest Service, Fire and Aviation Management, Washington, DC The fire community has a new What's Different? workforce through their own pro­ look! Today, we find women in gram. More than 38 people are many nontraditional jobs such as Why is this effort different from working on implementation strate­ smokejumpers, lead plane pilots, ongoing agencywide activities? gies to accomplish the action items division supervisors, and engine Deputy Chief West knows that identified in the "Model for Work­ operators. Similarly, minorities are affirmative action measures have force Diversity." Nearly all regions assuming greater roles in fire man­ not always gotten the grassroots are represented with personnel agement as the need for qualified support needed to bring about from a wide variety of fire manage­ people transcends racial and sexual effective change. He also knows ment backgrounds. All these peo­ barriers. Through the Forest Serv­ fire people have a "can do" reputa­ ple share a desire to design ice vision statement the Chief says tion, so his strategy focused on fire workable actions increasing the it most clearly and succinctly: "We people achieving diversity in the diversity of the F&AM workforce. will have a workforce that better reflects the national diversity." Fire technology, terminology, FiscalYear1976 and organizational structure have changed in the last 80 years; simi­ larly the composition of firefighters and other personnel involved in fire protection activities has also under­ gone significant change. The workforce-its values, and composition-have changed and continue to change as the number of women and minorities become an integral part of the fire manage­ Fiscal Year1988 ment family (fig. 1). Change is not new to fire management. C.P. Cockrell stirred up plenty of con­ troversy when she became the first woman fire lookout in 1920. Fire and Aviation Maoagement (F&AM) organization has tradition­ ally been white male dominated. While we all can see progress in assimilating women and minorities, the organization still has a long way to go to achieve the Forest Service vision. Nearly a year ago, a major effort, directed by Allan J. West, Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, was initiated to formulate Figi.i'~ and implement tangible results that I-A changing Forest Service workforce" would change the composition of *Data contain all and only permanent General Service and General Merit employees. Female F&AM by 1995. minority employees are counted in both the female and minority categories. 2 Fire Management Notes "We will have a workforce that better reflects the national diversity." -The USDA Forest Service-Caring for the Land and Serving People. • Hiring goals-Definitive hiring and publicizing inappropriate targets to accomplish the overall behavior, a human resource spe­ goal of reaching population par­ cialist at large fire incidents to ity by 1995 and a program to counsel staff and coordinate monitor fire's progress in achiev­ activities, and increased empha­ ing the goal. sis on the rating of fire teams • Development of opportunities for their Equal Employment and skills-Elimination of Opportunities/Civil Rights barriers within the Incident (EEO/CR) actions. Command System/National Interagency Incident Manage­ What's Already Underway ment System (ICS/NIIMS); methods of eliminating bottle­ Some of the planned actions necks in the fire organizational have already been initiated. For the structure; proactive training first time, posters are displayed at linked to preplanned mobiliza­ large fire bases providing informa­ tion; emphasis on diversity in tion for those who need help. training, emphasis on and train­ Some Incident Commanders (Ie) ing for mentoring; and in the have designated an EEO specialist spring of 1989 a national confer­ who coordinates with the local Native Americans continue to be among the ence on diversity in F&AM.