EDITED BY ALEXANDER SCHUSTER EQUALITY AND JUSTICE SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY IN THE XXI CENTURY FORUM Equality and JusticE This publication is part of the Project Equal Jus – European Network for the Legal Support of LGBT Rights, an action co-funded by the Commission of the European Union – DG Justice under the Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Programme. More on the project is available on the website www.equal-jus.eu. The sole responsibility for the contents of this publication lies with the authors and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Download the free pdf version of this book from www.forumeditrice.it or www.equal-jus.eu. © Forum 2011 Editrice Universitaria Udinese srl Via Palladio, 8 – 33100 Udine Tel. 0432 26001 / Fax 0432 296756 www.forumeditrice.it ISBN 978-88-8420-702-9 EditEd by alExandEr schustEr Equality and JusticE sExual OriEntatiOn and GEndEr idEntity in thE xxi cEntury With an intrOductiOn by stEfanO rOdOtà FORUM Equality and justice : sexual orientation and gender identity in the XXI century / edited by Alexander Schuster ; with an introduction by Stefano Rodotà. – Udine : Forum, 2011. ISBN 978-88-8420-702-9 1. Omossessuali-Diritti umani-Diritto comparato I. Schuster, Alexander II. Rodotà, Stefano 342.087 (ed. 22) – GIURISDIZIONE SUI GRUPPI SOCIALI Scheda catalografica a cura della Biblioteca Umanistica e della Formazione dell’Università degli studi di Udine Table of ConTenTs Introduction Stefano Rodotà Eguaglianza e dignità delle persone LGBTI 11 I. Sex and Gender Alexander Schuster Gender and Beyond: Disaggregating Legal Categories 21 Daniel Borrillo Est-il juste de diviser le genre humain en deux sexes ? 41 II. Constitutional and Comparative Approaches Ludovico A. Mazzarolli Intervento di saluto e ringraziamento… con un accenno a qualche tematica di diritto costituzionale 55 Carmelo Danisi Rethinking the Judgement on Discrimination: A Horizontal Analysis of European Jurisprudences 59 Pietro Faraguna Constitutional Paradoxes from Inequality Equality to Equality: the Italian Case (with a Little Help from Abroad) 75 Lisa Caputo Sexual Minorities in India and Nepal: Some Recent Developments 93 Pawel Laidler Towards Equality and Justice: Challenges Faced by LGBTI Groups in Their Fight for Rights and Freedoms in the United States Supreme Court 109 6 table OF CONTENTS III. Same-Gender Couples Joëlle Long Essere genitori LGBTI 127 Marco Bracoloni The Rights of the Care of the Child As Well As Maternity, Paternity and Parental Leave in Stable LGBTI Family Units 137 Anne-Laure Nachbaum-Schneider Les droits successoraux des couples homosexuels en Europe : étude comparative 147 IV. Gender Identity Carole J. Petersen Gender Diversity and Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Is There a Role for the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities? 161 Céline Husson-Rochcongar The Protection of Transsexual’s Rights by the European Court of Human Rights: A True Breakthrough or a New Risk? 177 Bruno Mestre Transgender Discrimination As Sex Discrimination: A Contextual and Comparative Analysis of European and American Courts’ Case Law 191 Philippe Reigné Etat civil et transidentité en droit français. Etat des lieux et perspectives d’évolution 205 V. Mutual Recognition and Free Movement Andreas R. Ziegler LGBT Rights and Economic Migration: Will the Liberalization of the Movement of Persons in Economic Integration Agreements Increase the Need for Common Regional Standards Regarding Civil Status Rights? 219 table OF CONTENTS 7 Türkan Ertuna Lagrand Mutual Recognition of Same-Sex Marriages from an EU Immigration Law Perspective 241 Justine Quinn Free Movement and the European Family – Falling in Love with the Common Market 257 Laima Vaigė Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Marriages in Lithuania and the Ordre Public Exception 271 VI. The Role of the Judiciary and of the Equality Bodies Alessio Liberati Le rôle du juge en Italie 289 Julien Henninger Réflexions sur l’office du juge 297 Chrysoula Malisianou Médiation et conciliation dans les litiges en matière de discrimination 305 About the Authors 327 Acknowledgements This book represents the effort by jurists from all walks of life – legal practitioners, schol- ars, judges, legal advisers to NGOs, and equality bodies – to reflect on the challenges that sexual orientation and gender identity pose to contemporary law. It originates from the international conference Equality and Justice - LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex) Rights in the XXI Century organized by the University of Udine, Department of Legal Sciences, and the association Avvocatura per i Diritti LGBT - Rete Lenford in Flor- ence on May 12 and 13, 2011. It was the closing event of the EQUAL JUS project - Euro- pean network for the legal support of LGBT rights, an action co-funded by the European Union - DG Justice under the Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Programme. The project aims to combat homophobia and transphobia by increasing the awareness among people that European citizenship adds a new dimension to the protection of fun- damental rights and to the inclusion of all individuals. It contributes to the establishment of an open network of lawyers and gives them tools for training and consultation, such as publications, newsletters and a legal database. This book is part of the resources conceived by the project partners, who decided to make it freely available to anyone interested in a free digital edition available on the project website www.equal-jus.eu. During the two days of the conference participants from all continents discussed the state of legal studies in the field of sexual orientation and gender identity. They believed that only by sharing strategies and resources can we enhance LGBTI rights. The reader will become part of our common effort. An editor as well as a project manager owes all to the people and organisations that relied on him. I wish to thank first of all the over fifty speakers who by using three working lan- guages contributed to the lively debate that enriched the papers collected in their final version here. I am indebted to the authors, who accepted to publish their valuable research in a multilingual edition. I gratefully wish to acknowledge my deep gratitude to Tim P. Shields for his help with the English language review of the texts. It is my desire also to say thank you to all institutions that supported the project throughout its 18 months and the final conference. The enthusiasm and helpfulness of the bar associations, the local authorities, the equality bodies and the NGOs accompany this book still today. Last but not least, the European Commission has provided not just the means to realize this project, but most of all the ingredients for the huge leap in the protection of LGBTI persons that we have witnessed in less than two decades. It is an honour to include the flag of Europe in the pages of this book. Alexander Schuster introduction eguaglianza e digniTà delle persone lgbTi Stefano Rodotà Abstract The author looks at the advancements in the protection of LGBT rights. He considers the recognition of family unions in European law. The text dwells on the impact of terms such as sexual orientation, sex and gender and the need to overcome dualism. However, discri- mination is still an alarming phenomenon. We certainly need to embrace equality, but must also include dignity. There is no dignity without identity, which in turn requires freedom. Homophobia and discrimination undermine one’s dignity, and exclusion makes people “non persons”. The essay then looks at the Italian legal context and considers the decision on marriage by the Constitutional Court. * * * Vorrei cominciare con un riferimento a due documenti europei: la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea ed i rapporti dell’Agenzia per i diritti fondamen- tali. La Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea ha dedicato al tema della discriminazione verso le persone LGBTI (gay, lesbiche, gay, trans e intersessuali) un’attenzione non voglio dire particolare, ma certamente specifica. Ciò avviene non solo con la norma generale sull’antidiscriminazione, dove il riferimento all’orienta- mento sessuale è ripreso dal Trattato di Maastricht, ma soprattutto con l’articolo 9. Esso riguarda le unioni ed è uno dei più innovativi dal punto di vista nella sequenza delle dichiarazioni dei diritti che interessano l’Europa. Inoltre smentisce la tesi per cui la Carta dei diritti sarebbe soltanto un documento in qualche modo riproduttivo del già esistente nel contesto europeo. È innovativo perché rispetto alla Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo il cambiamento è radicale. L’articolo 12 della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uo- mo afferma: «Uomini e donne in età maritale hanno diritto di sposarsi e di formare una famiglia secondo le leggi nazionali regolanti l’esercizio di tale diritto». L’articolo 9 della Carta dei diritti, invece, si discosta sostanzialmente da questa impostazione, scrivendo: «Il diritto di sposarsi e il diritto di costituire una famiglia sono garantiti secondo le leggi nazionali che ne disciplinano l’esercizio». Cade il riferimento alla diversità di sesso. Quello che era un diritto unico, il diritto di sposarsi e di formare una famiglia, viene invece, nell’articolo 9 della Carta, sostituito da due diritti distin- 12 Stefano RODOTà ti. È chiarissima l’espressione verbale: «Il diritto di sposarsi e il diritto di costituire una famiglia sono garantiti». Sono due diritti diversi, equiordinati, e non c’è una gerarchia, anche se vi è un riferimento al diritto nazionale. Il cambiamento è tuttavia radicale. Nel quadro delineato dal diritto dell’Unione europea oggi non si può so- stenere una superiorità gerarchica del matrimonio tradizionale, né si può identifica- re ciascuno di questi istituti soltanto in base alla diversità di sesso. La seconda considerazione è relativa all’articolo 21, dove si fa riferimento all’orientamento sessuale. È bene ricordare il cambiamento che è intervenuto pro- prio nella terminologia dei documenti europei.