li^!*^'*,?*^','. K lA, ZT—iD v^^ )A Cfce ®tor? of tfte iSations. CARTHAGE THE STORY OF THE NATIONS. Large Crown 8vo, Cloth, Illustrated, ^s. 1. ROME. Arthur Oilman, M.A. 2. THE JEWS. Prof. J. K. Hosmer. 3. GERMANY. Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A. 4. CARTHAGE. Prof. A. J. Church. 5. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J. P. Mahaffy. 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole. 7. ANCIENT EGYPT. Canon Raw- LINSON. 8. HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vambery. 9. THE SARACENS. A. Oilman, M.A. 10. IRELAND. Hon. Emily Lawless. 11. THE GOTHS. Henry Bradley. 12. CHALD^A. Z. A. Ragozin. 13. THE TURKS. Stanley Lane-Poole. 14. ASSYRIA. Z. A. Ragozin. 15. HOLLAND. Prof. J. E. Thorold Rogers. 16. PERSIA. S.W.Benjamin. London ; T. PISHEE UNWIN, 2 6, Paternoster Square, E.G. CARTHAGE OR THE EMPIRE OF AFRICA ALFRED J. CHURCH, M.A. '* PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, AUTHOR OP STORIES FROM HOMER," ETC., ETC. WITH THE COLLABORA TION OF ARTHUR OILMAN, M.A. THIRD EDITION, gtrnhon T. FISHER UNWIN 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE NEW YORK : O. P. PUTNAM'S SONS MDCCCLXXXVII SEEN BY PRESERVATION SERVICES M } 7 4Q«^ Entered at Stationers' Hall By T. fisher UNWIN. Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886 (For the United States of America), PREFACE. It is difficult to tell the story of Carthage, because one has to tell it without sympathy, and from the standpoint of her enemies. It is a great advantage, on the other hand, that the materials are of a manage- able amount, and that a fairly complete narrative may be given within a moderate compass. I have made it a rule to go to the original authori- ties. At the same time I have to express my obliga- tions to several modern works, to the geographical treatises of Heeren, the histories of Grote, Arnold and Mommsen, Mr. Bosworth Smith's admirable " Car- thage and the Carthaginians," and the learned and " exhaustive History of Art in Phoenicia and its Dependencies," by Messieurs Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, as translated and edited by Mr. Walter Armstrong. To this last I am indebted for most of the illustrations of this book. I have had much help also from Mr. W. W. Capes' " " edition of Livy xxi., xxii. X PREFACE. I have not thought it necessary to discuss the critical questions which have been raised about the Duilian column (p. 135). The inscription, as it at present exists, may be supposed to bear a general, though not a faithful, resemblance to the original. A. C. Hadley Green, May 27, 1886. PROVINOIAE CARTHACINIENSIBUS ^UBDITAE London: T. Fisher Unwin, 26. Paternoster Square, E.G. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B.C. Carthage founded by Dido 850 The Campaigns of Malchus 550 The Battle of Alalia 536 First Treaty with Rome • • 509 First Battle of Himera 480 Second Treaty with Rome 440 Hannibal invades Sicily . 410 Third Treaty with Rome .405 Capture of Agrigentum 406 Treaty between Carthage and Dionysius .... 405 Renewal of the War 397 Siege of Syracuse by Himilco 396 Return of Himilco to Africa 396 Mago invades Sicily 393 Treaty of Peace with Dionysius 392 Renewal of the War 383 Dionysius attacks Carthage . 368 Death of Dionysius ...<-.., 367 The Conspiracy of Hanno 340 The Battle of Crimessus . 339 Death of Timoleon 337 Agathocles defeated at Himera 310 He transfers the War to Africa .310 He returns to Sicily 307 Pyrrhus invades Sicily ? . 278 He leaves Sicily 276 Beginning of First Punic War 264 Defeat of the Carthaginian Fleet by Duilius at Mylse • . 260 Victory of Regulus at Ecnomus . r . , . 256 xii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, B.C. Landing of Regulus in Africa 256 Defeat of Regulus by Xantippus 255 The Siege of Lilybseum begun 249 Defeat of the Roman Fleet under Claudius at Drepanum . 249 Hamilcar Barca comes into Sicily 247 Death of Hannibal 247 Defeat of Carthaginian Fleet by Catulus at ^Egusa . 241 Conclusion of First Punic War 241 War of the Mercenaries 241-236 Hamilcar Barca invades Spain 236 Death of Hamilcar 229 Assassination of Hasdrubal 221 Capture of Saguntum by Hannibal and Commencement of Second Punic War 218 ' Battles of Ticinus and Trebia . .218 Battle of Trasumennus 217 Battle of Cannae 216 Hannibal winters in Capua 215 Roman Conquest of Syracuse 212 Haimibal takes Tarentum 212 Defeat and Death of the Scipios in Spain 211 — . Hannibal marches on Rome Fall of Capua . , . 211 Publius Scipio goes to Spain 210 He captures New Carthage 209 Death of Marcellus 208 Hasdrubal enters Italy 207 His defeat at Metaurus 207 Scipio sails to Africa 204 Hannibal returns to Carthage 203 Defeat at Zama 202 End of Second Punic War 201 Death of Hannibal 183 Roman Embassy at Carthage 174 The Third Punic War begins ...... 149 Fall of Carthage 146 CONTENTS, PARTI. LEGEND AND EARLY HISTORY. PAGB I. The Legend of Dido . • 3-8 The building of Carthage, 5—Dido and ^neas, 7. II. The Growth of Carthage . .9-18 The Tyrian traders, 11—Malchus and Mago, 13—Treaties with Rome, 15—Carthaginian possessions, 17. PART 11, CARTHAGE AND GREECE. I. Hamilcar and Hannibal 21-34 Hamilcar's army, 25—The fate of Hamilcar, 27— Hannibal before Selinus, 29—Attack on Himera, 31 — Hannibal's venge- ance, 33. XIV CONTENTS. PAGE II. Carthage and Dionysius (406-405) . , 35-45 Siege of Agrigentum, 37—Execution of the generals, 39— Agrigentum evacuated, 41 — Gela abandoned, 43—The plague at Carthage, 45. III. Carthage and Dionysius (397) . 46-63 — Siege of Motya, 47 Motya assaulted,— 49— Himilco's ad- vance, 51 —Battle of Catana, 53 Siege of Syracuse, 55— Plague in Himilco's camp, 57 — Himilco's escape, 59 — Carthage saved, 63. IV. The Last Struggle with Dionysius . 64-69 Mago defeated, 65 —Defeat of Dionysius, 67—The end of the war, 69. V. Carthage and Timoleon . 70-74 Timoleon declares war against Carthage, 71 —Battle of the Crimessus, 73. VI. Carthage and Agathocles .... 75-91 Agathocles in extremities, yy—Agathocles invades Africa, 8i — Revolt of Bomilcar, 85 — Pyrrhus, 89—Pyrrhus leaves Sicily, 91. PAI?7 IIL THE INTERNAL HISTORY OF CARTHAGE. I. Carthaginian Discoverers . , . 95-101 Along the African Coast, 97—Gorillas, 99—^A strange tale, loi. CONTENTS, XV PAGE II. The Constitution and Religion of Carthage 102-114 Magistrates of Carthage, 103—Estates of the realm in Carthage, 105 — Justice and religion, 109 — Carthaginian Deities, 113. III. 2 The Revenue and Trade of Carthage . 11 5-1 5 Carthaginian Mines, 117—Trade, 119—Ivory and precious stones, 121—Art and literature, 123—Wealth and luxury, 125. PAJ^T IF. CARTHAGE AND ROME. I, The War in Sicily and on the Sea . 129-140 — The Romans gain Messana,— 131 Capture of Agrigentum, 133 —Battle of Mylae, 137 Battle of Ecnomus, 139. II. The Invasion of Africa .... 141-151 Defeat of Hamilcar, 143 — Xantippus, 145 — Defeat of Regulus, 147 — Horace on Regulus, 149 — Revenge for Regulus, 151. III. In Sicily Again 152-165 Roman Losses at sea, 153 — Roman disasters, 157 — The Romans gainEryx, 159—Hasdrubal's successes, 161 —Battle of Agates Island, 163—Conclusion of War, 165. XVI CONTENTS. PAGE IV. Carthage and her Mercenaries . 166-177 Revolt of the mercenaries, 167 — Siege of Utica, 171 — Massacre of prisoners, 175—End of war with mercenaries, 177. V. Carthage and Spain 178-184 Hamilcar in Spain, 179—Hannibal, 181 —Siege of Sagun- tum, 183. VI. From the Ebro to Italy .... 185-194 Passage of the Rhone, 187—Route over the Alps, 189—Rocks split with vinegar, 193. VII. The First Campaign in Italy . 195-205 Scipio retires to the Trebia, 199 — Sempronius eager to fight, 201 —The Carthaginians victorious, 205. VIII. Trasumennus 206-211 Lake Trasumennus, 207— Slaughter of the Romans, 209— Hannibal's policy, 211. IX. Fabius and his Tactics , . .212-217 Hannibal a master of stratagem, 213—Fabius and Minu- cius, 215—Varro and Paullus in command, 217. CONTENTS, XVU PAGE X. Cann^ 218-224 Hannibal's army, 219—The struggle, 221—Will he march on Rome ? 223. XI. After Cannae 225-231 Taren- Mago at Carthage, 227—Hannibal's prospects, 229— tum gained, 231. XII. The Turn of the Tide . .- 232-244 Attempted relief of Capua, 233—Capua lost to Hannibal, 235— in Carthage loses Sicily, 237—Roman successes Spain, 239— Death of the Scipios, 241—Capture of New Carthage, 243. XIII. The Last Chance of Victory . ; 245-252 The death of Marcellus, 247—Nero's great march, 249—Ode from Horace, 251. XIV. The Last Struggle 253-264 261 Scipio and Syphax, 257—Hannibal recalled, 259—Zama, —-TermsTerms of peace,neace. 263.26"?. XV. Hannibal in Exile ..... 265-271 Hannibal with Antiochus, 267—Hannibal in Bithynia, 269— Character of Hannibal, 271. xviii CONTENTS. PAGE XVI. The Beginning of the End . 272-279 Cato's hostility to Carthage, 273—Africanus the Younger, 275 —Expedition against Carthage, 277—War declared, 279. XVII. The Siege and Fall of Carthage . 280-301 The walls of Carthage, 281 —The Romans lose their ally Masi- — the Me- nissa, 285 Scipio in command, 289—Attack on— gara, 293—Engagements between the fleets, 295 Fighting in the city, 297—Successors of Carthage, 301. Index , ^ . * * . 3^3 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE CROSSING THE ALPS Frontispiece CARTHAGINIAN STELE FROM SULCI (SARDINIA). 1 6 PLAN AND SECTION OF A CARTHAGINIAN TOMB AT MALTA 17 PHCENICIAN SARCOPHAGUS FOUND AT SOLUNTE (SICILY) 23 ONE OF THE TOWERS OF ERYX 3^ CARTHAGINIAN PLATTER- SILVER .... 40 THE WALL OF MOTYA 4^ . 1 VOTIVE BAS-RELIEF TO PERSEPHONE . 6 AFRICAN AQUEDUCT 79 - RURAL CISTERNS . .... 83 PLAN OF THE RUINS OF UTICA . 87 VOTIVE STELE FROM CARTHAGE (HIPPOPOTAMUS) . 98 VOTIVE STELE TO TANIT ,107 - .