CARS IN THE FUTURE POLICY PAPER January 2007 THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS CARS IN THE FUTURE POLICY PAPER - JANUARY 2007 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................5 1.1 Summary: What does the future hold for the driver?........................................5 1.2 Background: Where we are today........................................................................6 1.3 The Purpose of this Paper .....................................................................................7 1.4 How the Vehicle can Prevent Accidents and Injuries in the Future .................8 2 ACTIVE SAFETY........................................................................................10 2.1 Active Safety Systems in 2006.............................................................................12 2.1.1 The Future of Active Safety............................................................................13 2.2 Specific Active Safety Devices.............................................................................14 2.2.1 Antilock Braking Systems (ABS)...................................................................14 2.2.2 Electronic Stability Control (ESC) .................................................................14 2.2.3 Brake Assist ....................................................................................................16 2.2.4 Adaptive Cruise Control .................................................................................16 2.2.5 Lane Keeping and Adaptive Steering .............................................................17 2.2.6 In Vehicle Driver Monitoring .........................................................................18 2.2.7 Alcohol Ignition Interlock...............................................................................19 2.3 Intelligent Speed Adaptation ..............................................................................21 2.3.1 External Vehicle Speed Control (EVSC)........................................................22 2.3.2 ISA In The UK................................................................................................24 2.3.3 ISA In Denmark..............................................................................................24 2.3.4 ISA in Sweden ................................................................................................25 2.3.5 Introducing ISA and Possible Driver Acceptance ..........................................27 2.4 In Vehicle Information Systems .........................................................................31 2.5 Vehicle Conspicuity .............................................................................................32 2.5.1 Daytime Running Lights (DRL) .....................................................................32 2.5.2 Headlights .......................................................................................................33 2.6 Tyres......................................................................................................................35 2.6.1 Winter Tyres ...................................................................................................35 2.6.2 Runflat Tyres ..................................................................................................35 2.6.3 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems.................................................................36 3 HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE ...............................................................40 Page 2 of 64 THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS CARS IN THE FUTURE POLICY PAPER - JANUARY 2007 4 THE FUTURE OF PASSIVE SAFETY........................................................42 4.1 Pedestrian Protection...........................................................................................43 4.2 Compatibility........................................................................................................45 4.3 Head Restraints & Whiplash ..............................................................................45 4.4 Child Car Seats ....................................................................................................46 4.4.1 Child Car Seat Testing....................................................................................46 4.4.2 Future Child Seat Design................................................................................47 4.5 Other Future Passive Safety Issues ....................................................................48 5 TERTIARY SAFETY: THE POST CRASH CAR ........................................50 5.1 Event Data Recorders..........................................................................................51 6 CONSUMER INFORMATION.....................................................................53 6.1 Consumer Information in 2006...........................................................................54 6.2 What More Can Help the Car Buyer In The Future?......................................55 7 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................58 8. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................60 8.1 Implementation ....................................................................................................60 8.2 Education/Training/Publicity .............................................................................60 8.3 Engineering...........................................................................................................61 8.4 Specific Technologies...........................................................................................61 8.5 ISA.........................................................................................................................62 8.6 Emergency and Rescue........................................................................................62 Page 3 of 64 THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS CARS IN THE FUTURE POLICY PAPER - JANUARY 2007 Abbreviations ABS Anti-lock Braking Systems ACC Adaptive Cruise Control ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System ATL Automated Test Lane BA Brake Assist CARS 21 Competitive Automotive Regulatory System for the 21st century CCIS Cooperative Crash Injury Study DSC Dynamic Stability Control (a brand name of ESC) DETR Department or Environment, Transport and the Regions DRL Daytime Running Lights DfT Department for Transport EBA Emergency Brake Assist EC European Commission EDR Event Data Recorder EEVC European Advanced Vehicle Safety Committee ETP Education, Training, and Publicity EVSC External Vehicle Speed Control ESC Electronic Stability Control ESP Electronic Stability Program (a brand name of ESC) EuroNCAP European New Car Assessment Program GPS Global Positioning System HIC Head Injury Criterion HMI Human Machine Interface ISA Intelligent Speed Adaptation IVIS In Vehicle Information System LDWS Lane Departure Warning Systems MIRA Motor Industry Research Association MORR Managing Occupational Road Risk PNCAP Primary [safety] New Car Assessment Program PROSPER Project for Research on Speed Adaptation Policies on European Roads RoSPA The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents SBR Seat Belt Reminder SMMT Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders TPMS Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems TRL Transport Research Laboratory VSCS Vehicle Stability Control Systems (a brand name of ESC) WAD Whiplash Associated Disorder Page 4 of 64 THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS CARS IN THE FUTURE POLICY PAPER - JANUARY 2007 1 Introduction This is a policy paper by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents entitled Cars In The Future. 1.1 Summary: What does the future hold for the driver? Vehicles are changing. The motor industry has a long heritage of innovation, and this has shaped and influenced the way that vehicles are designed over the last 100 years. This commitment to resource innovation has never been more vital than today as there are areas of change that the automotive industry must address if private vehicle use is to be a sustainable method of transport in the future. The two key areas upon which there is the urgent need to focus are to reduce significantly the environmental impact of transport, and to improve the safety which vehicles offer road users both inside and outside of the vehicle. These changes are fundamental to improving the quality of life of the world population, not just in the short term, but in the longer term also. It is important to note that these changes will require commitments by those other than the automotive industry itself. There will be the requirement to change infrastructures, and the way that we as road users interact with the vehicle and the infrastructure. Reducing the environmental damage of vehicles and improving the safety of the roads is also the responsibility of anyone reading this policy document. Environmentally, innovation will come from work to reduce damaging emissions in the short term, coupled with the sourcing and effective implementation of more modern, and less polluting fuels that will provide the basis for future vehicle power sources. Steps to improve the efficiency of vehicles and the transport network will also help to reduce the amount of energy that is wasted. The general trend in the Westernised world has been a decrease in road casualties, although the impact that road deaths and injuries have on society is still too great.