Chapter 1: Keynote Lectures Beyond Green: Changing Context - Changing Expectations Raymond J. Cole University of British Columbia, Canada ABSTRACT: This paper explores the changing context, expectations and priorities that directly and indirectly affect building environmental progress Whereas the current focus is on "green" design - reducing or mitigating the environmental consequences of buildings - the future concerns will embrace mitigation, adaptation to the new conditions and re- storing previous adversely impacted regions and human settlements. The paper looks be- yond current ideas of green building to the emerging notion of Regenerative design. The pri- mary objective of the paper is to identify which dictates of Regenerative design could constructively reframe performance assessment tools. 1 INTRODUCTION Green building practices have become increasingly commonplace over the past decade, in part due to the introduction and widespread use of green building rating systems. While an important initial step, simply producing buildings that are incrementally better than current practice will prove insufficient to meet the requirements of a built environment that can support sustainable patterns of living. Within the context of climate change and rapid urban development, greater performance leaps will be necessary and at a faster rate. This will challenge many existing norms and expectations and, in particular, redefine how we conceive the design, construction and operation of buildings. Whereas the current focus is on "green" design - reducing or mitigating the environmental consequences of buildings - the future concerns will embrace mitigation, adaptation to the new conditions and restoring previous adversely impacted regions and human settlements. “Regenerative” design is emerging as perhaps the most comprehensive basis for rethinking the role of building as a catalyst that positively supports the co-evolution of human and natural systems. Moreover, its proponents argue that it is an approach which bridges physical and functional, emotional and spiritual attributes and set the relationship between humans and nature from a co-evolutionary perspective than a managerial one. This paper explores the changing context, expectations and priorities that directly and indirectly affect building environmental progress and looks beyond current ideas of green building to the emerging notion of regenerative design. The primary objective of the paper is to explore how the dictates of Regenerative design can constructively reframe performance assessment tools. 2 GREEN DESIGN Green building design is widely understood as the creation of buildings that are less re- 23 Portugal SB10: Sustainable Building Affordable to All source intensive, place less load on natural systems and offer higher indoor environ- mental quality than conventional buildings. The focus of green building design is envi- ronmental mitigation – doing less environmental harm than conventional buildings. In- creasingly, performance aspirations such as “Net-zero” energy, Carbon “neutral” and “One-Planet Living” are presented as embodying a situation whereby human activity – including building – must respect and live within the planet’s biophysical limits. 2.1 Green Building Performance Assessment Building environmental assessment methods have played a significant role in main- streaming green building and the major systems have been increasingly widely adopted by institutions and authorities as a required standard. Their increasing momentum sug- gests that it will continue to fulfill this role of raising performance expectations. LEED®, for example, was conceived to represent leading edge environmental perform- ance and has become a prominent “brand” for green building practice in North America and increasingly worldwide. Although numerous changes and refinements have been made since Version-1 was first introduced in 1996, and will continue to be made, the success of the LEED® brand is also constrained on its continued development. The fun- damental structure of LEED® – the five major categories and constituent performance requirements – are now difficult for the US Green Building Council to change or for it to be easily reframed to reflect emerging ideas of the relationship between human and natural systems. All modifications or enhancements must be add-ons rather than funda- mental changes. Given this “lock-in” situation, other complementary tools are necessary to bring fresh, innovative and more comprehensive ideas to improving building design and construction practices. The Living Building Challenge (LBC), launched in August 2006, is emerging in North America as a recognised demanding and complementary performance aspiration to LEED®. Despite requiring all sixteen demanding performance requirements – includ- ing net zero energy – to be met before the designation of Living Building is granted, it is also quite similar to LEED® in many regards. Although a key initial concept within the LBC was that buildings should strive for greater self-sufficiency and security, the latest version “inserted the concept of Scale-Jumping to allow multiple buildings or pro- jects to operate in a symbiotic state – sharing green infrastructure as appropriate and al- lowing for Living Building status to be achieved as elegantly and efficiently as possi- ble.” The notion of “inserted” is indicative of the need to expand and refine the requirements not envisaged in the initial conception. Moreover, while it references natu- ral systems and uses a flower/petals metaphor, there is no recognizable organization of the issues based on ecological or systems theory. Similar to LEED® and the majority of other current assessment methods, the structure is simply a list of required performance requirements set within a defined set of categories. 3 SUSTAINABILITY 3.1 Sustainable Building Green building design typically covers “environmental” performance issues and human comfort and health requirements. The notion of “sustainable building” is increasing used in place of, or interchangeably with “green building” as a means of acknowledging social and economic issues. However, whereas it is possible to meaningfully describe environmental issues at the level of an individual building, this becomes more problem- atic for the social and economic dimensions of sustainability. 3.2 Sustainability Assessment A number of assessment tools have been introduced that expand on the range of per- formance issues to explicitly include social and economic criteria and thereby attempt to provide a measure of “sustainable” performance. The inclusion of these requirements 24 Chapter 1: Keynote Lectures are incorporated in a variety of ways but none have been explicitly directed at regenera- tive design or informed by natural systems and processes and their integration with so- cial and cultural requirements. 4 REGENERATIVE DESIGN The term “regenerative” references the self-organizing and self-healing capabilities of living systems and implies their functioning and renewal. Regenerative design draws on these capabilities, along with the natural and cultural characteristics of ‘place,’ as driv- ers of design. Whereas green building design has focused on improving the environ- mental performance of individual buildings, regenerative design is equally attentive the consequences of the relationship between the building and its community context. In contrast to green design that typically addresses discrete performance features, Re- generative Design embraces systems thinking - emphasizing wholes over parts and process over structure. Buildings are not considered as individual objects, but rather are designed as parts of larger systems allowing complex and mutually beneficial interac- tions between the built environment, the living world, and human inhabitants. A sys- tems approach applies equally to the various systems and components that comprise buildings and seeks positive synergies between them as a means of attaining an opti- mised system. This ensures that a constantly dynamic and responsive built environment evolves over time. These are not the underpinnings of currently green building envi- ronmental assessment tools, nor are they easily superimposed upon them. Eisenberg and Reed (2003), Reed (2006 & 2007) and the Regenesis Group1 identify a number of key attributes of Regenerative design that include: • It sits within the emerging notion of the built environment as a socio-ecological sys- tem – seeking the positive co-evolution of natural and human systems. • It regards the self-organizing and self healing properties of living systems together with the natural and cultural characteristics of ‘place’ as the drivers of design. • It unites functional, emotional and spiritual attributes of both nature and human systems as they relate to place. • It employs a process-oriented systems thinking approach. The basis is derived from natural systems with a closed loop input-output model or a model in which the output is greater than the input. • It concerns an understanding of a system by examining the linkages and interactions between the elements that compose the entirety of the system. Whereas green building design has focused on improving the environmental per- formance of individual buildings, regenerative design is equally attentive the conse- quences of the relationship between the building and its community context and, impor- tantly, a participatory approach in design that creates and maintains a positive relationship