Linguistic Areas This page intentionally left blank Linguistic Areas Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective Edited by Yaron Matras University of Manchester April McMahon University of Edinburgh and Nigel Vincent University of Manchester Editorial matter and selection © Yaron Matras, April McMahon and Nigel Vincent 2006 Individual chapters © contributors 2006 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006 978-1-4039-9657-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-54544-5 ISBN 978-0-230-28761-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230287617 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Linguistic areas : convergence in historical and typological perspective / edited by Yaron Matras, April McMahon, Nigel Vincent. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-54544-5 1. Areal linguistics. 2. Historical linguistics. 3. Typology (Linguistics) 4. Languages in contact. I. Matras, Yaron, 1963– II. McMahon, April M. S. III. Vincent, Nigel. P130.L56 2006 417—dc22 2005056583 10987654321 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 Contents List of Figures and Maps vii List of Tables viii List of Abbreviations ix Notes on the Contributors xii Introduction xv 1 Areal Linguistics: A Closer Scrutiny 1 Lyle Campbell 2 All or Nothing 32 Thomas Stolz 3 Keeping Contact in the Family: Approaches to Language Classification and Contact-induced Change 51 April McMahon and Robert McMahon 4 Linguistic Areas, Language Contact and Typology: Some Implications from the Case of Ethiopia as a Linguistic Area 75 Walter Bisang 5 Structural Isoglosses between Khoekhoe and Tuu: The Cape as a Linguistic Area 99 Tom Güldemann 6 The Sri Lanka Sprachbund: The Newcomers Portuguese and Malay 135 Peter Bakker 7 On the Roles of Turkic in the Caucasus Area 160 Lars Johanson 8 The Circle That Won’t Come Full: Two Potential Isoglosses in the Circum-Baltic Area 182 Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm v vi Contents 9 Complex Emotion Predicates in Eastern Indonesia: Evidence for Language Contact? 227 Simon Musgrave 10 Another Look at Australia as a Linguistic Area 244 Claire Bowern 11 Towards a Typology of the Siberian Linguistic Area 266 Gregory D. S. Anderson Index of Authors 301 Index of Language Families, Languages and Dialects 306 Index of Subjects 311 List of Figures and Maps Figures 2.1 Degrees of similarity 34 2.2 Languages with overt DET-marking versus languages without overt DET-marking 41 2.3 Competing isoglosses 43 3.1 Output of Network for most conservative sublist, Romance and Germanic 61 3.2 Output of Network for least conservative sublist, Romance and Germanic 62 3.3 Network for Germanic, ‘wing’ coded as cognate English–North Germanic 63 3.4 Network for Germanic, ‘wing’ coded as loan into English 64 3.5 NeighbourNet for Indo-Iranian hihi sublist 66 3.6 NeighbourNet (Bryant and Moulton, 2004) for Indo-Iranian lolo data 67 3.7 Neighbour-joining tree of Australian data, drawn using Splitstree 69 3.8 Splitstree graph for 26 Australian languages 70 3.9 NeighbourNet graph for 26 Australian languages 71 5.1 Genealogical classification of Khoe-Kwadi 102 5.2 Genealogical classification of Tuu 102 8.1 Circum-Baltic languages 183 11.1 Russia and the languages of Siberia 267 Maps 5.1 Distribution of Khoisan lineages in the early colonial period 101 8.1 The Circum-Baltic languages 183 9.1 Indonesia, showing the location of the languages discussed 230 vii List of Tables 2.1 Representatives of DET-types in Europe 40 4.1 Non-phonological features relevant for the Ethiopian linguistic area 79 4.2 Number of reconstructed glottalized consonants for later stages of Proto-Afro-Asiatic 80 5.1 The Khoekhoe consonant system 107 5.2 The ⏐Xam consonant system (preliminary) 107 5.3 Consonant inventories across the Khoe family 108 5.4 Consonant inventories across the Tuu family 108 5.5 Probable lexical borrowings of Khoekhoe from Tuu 110 5.6 Free, morphologically complex pronouns of !Ora 112 5.7 Basic time marking in selected Khoekhoe and Tuu languages 117 6.1 Nominal case marking in Tamil, Sri Lanka Malay and SL Portuguese 141 6.2 Particles in SL Portuguese, SL Malay and SL Tamil 143 6.3 Verbal categories in SL Portuguese, SL Malay and SL Tamil 144 6.4 Pronouns in three Malay varieties 147 6.5 Sinhala and Vedda nominal endings 150 8.1 Some areal phenomena in the CB area 186 8.2 Word accents in Baltic varieties 195 8.3 Tone distribution in Swedish, Dalecarlian and Norwegian (Swedish examples) 196 8.4 Quantity in Estonian 197 9.1 Relative frequency of complex and simple predicate constructions for emotional states 238 9.2 Languages ordered by proportion of complex predicates (low to high) and geographic position 239 9.3 Profile-based uniformity measures 240 10.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary counts between Bardi, Yawuru and Karajarri 254 10.2 Samples of Proto-Pama-Nyungan and Proto-Karnic reconstructed lexical items 258 10.3 Karnic suppletive pronominal forms 259 10.4 Hypothesized stages in the split of Karnic languages 261 11.1 List of morphological features, grouped by family 293 11.2 List of select phonological and syntactic features 294 viii List of Abbreviations 1, 2, 3 first, second, third person ABL ablative ABS absolutive ACC accusative ACTR actor AD addressee ADJ adjective AL alienable ALL allative ANA anaphor AOR aorist APPL applicative ARTCL article ASS associative AUGM augmentative AUX auxiliary BEN benefactive Ccommon CAUS causative CLASS classifier CNC concord COMP complementizer COND conditional CONN clause connector CONV converb CONV:MAN converb of manner COP copula CSY Central Siberian Yupik CV converb Ddual DAT dative DECL declarative DEI deictic DIM diminutive DIR directional DL dual DS different subject DSBJ deposed subjectn ix x List of Abbreviations Eexclusive EMPH emphatic EVID evidential F feminine FEM feminine FIN finite FUT future GEN genitive GIV given ILLAT illative IMP imperative IMPV imperfective INCH inchoative INF, INFIN infinitive INS, INSTR instrumental INTR intransitive IPFV imperfective IRR irrealis LOC locative Mmasculine MPO multipurpose oblique NEG negative NEGPOT negative potential NFUT non-future NM noun marker NOM nominative NP noun phrase OBJ object OBL obligation OBLQ oblique P, PL plural P/F present-future PAS, PASS passive PAST past tense PAT patient PERF perfect PL plural POSS possessive PP postposition PPL participle PQ polar question PRART prepositional article PRED predicative PRES present List of Abbreviations xi PRF perfective PRO pronoun PROB probabilative PROP proper name PROSEC prosecutive PRTCPL participle PST past PSYE Proto-Siberian Yupik Eskimo PURP purposive Qquestion QUOT quotative RECIPR reciprocal RED reduplication RED, REDUP reduplication REDPL reduplication REF referential REL relative REL relativizer RELV relevance REP repetitive RFLXV reflexive S, SG singular SBEN self-benefactive SBJ subject SF stem-formant SP speaker STAT stative SUBJ subject SUBJ subjunctive SUBORD subordinator TAG tag question TEMP temporal TR transitive TRANS transitive UNACCOMPL unaccomplished VOL volition XXVI nominal class XXVI Notes on the Contributors Gregory D. S. Anderson is a Research Associate at MPI-EVA/Leipzig, Germany and the University of Oregon Department of Linguistics, Eugene, USA. He is the author of grammars on Xakas and Tuvan, two Tuvan–English dictionaries, and a volume on auxiliary verb constructions in Altai-Sayan Turkic languages. Forthcoming volumes are on language contact in South-Central Siberia, and a general–typological study of auxiliary verb constructions. Research interests include languages of Siberia, Munda and Austroasiatic languages, Burushaski and Eleme (Nigeria). Peter Bakker is a Lecturer in the Department of Linguistics at Aarhus University, Denmark. He is the author of monographs on twins languages (Autonomous Languages, 1987) and the genesis of Michif (A Language of Our Own, 1997), co-editor of two books on mixed languages (Mixed Languages, with M. Mous, 1994, and The Mixed Language Debate, with Y. Matras, 2003). He also compiled a linguistic bibliography of Romani with Y. Matras (2003). His main research interests are language contact, language genesis and language change. Walter Bisang is Professor of General and Comparative Linguistics at the University of Mainz, Germany. Since 1999 he has been the spokesman for a Collaborative Research Centre on ‘Cultural and linguistic contacts: Processes of change in Northeast Africa and Western Asia’ financed by the German Science Foundation. He is the author of Hmong-Texte, eine Auswahl mit Inter- linearübersetzung (Zürich, 1988) and Das Verb im Chinesischen, Hmong, Vietnamesischen, Thai und Khmer (Gunter Narr, 1992) and numerous articles.