Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... i List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviation and Acronyms ................................................................................................ ix Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Rationale ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4. Past initiatives of Greenbelt .............................................................................. 3 1.5. Overall Approach ................................................................................................. 4 2. Coastal Zone of Bangladesh......................................................................................... 7 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Major Resources .................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1. Human Resources ........................................................................................ 8 2.2.2. Natural resources ....................................................................................... 12 2.2.3. Economic resources ................................................................................... 14 2.3. Natural Hazards ................................................................................................. 18 2.3.1. Cyclones and Storm surges ...................................................................... 18 2.3.2. Coastal Erosion ........................................................................................... 19 2.3.3. Salinity Intrusion ........................................................................................ 19 2.4. Hydro-Morphological Dynamics ...................................................................... 20 2.4.1. Historical Development ............................................................................. 21 2.4.2. Sedimentation Process .............................................................................. 22 2.4.3. Coastal Dynamics ....................................................................................... 23 2.5. Impact of Climate Change ............................................................................... 30 2.5.1. Climate Change .......................................................................................... 30 2.5.2. Sea Level Rise ............................................................................................. 30 2.5.3. Salinity Intrusion ........................................................................................ 31 2.5.4. Flooding and coastal inundation .............................................................. 33 2.5.5. Cyclones and storm surges ...................................................................... 35 i 3. Assessment of Climate induced Coastal Vulnerability Index ...................... 37 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 37 3.2. Assessment Process .......................................................................................... 37 3.2.1. Identification of indicators ........................................................................ 37 3.2.2. Secondary data collection: ....................................................................... 38 3.2.3. Assessment of Climate Induced Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) ... 38 3.3. Assessment of Vulnerability ............................................................................ 42 3.4. Validation of Assessment ................................................................................. 45 3.5. Finalization of Vulnerability Index .................................................................. 48 4. Delineation of Greenbelt ............................................................................................. 53 4.1. Functions of Green belt .................................................................................... 53 4.2. Current Land Cover Map .................................................................................. 55 4.2.1. Image acquisition ....................................................................................... 56 4.2.2. Interpretation .............................................................................................. 56 4.2.3. Final land cover data ................................................................................. 57 4.3. Design criteria of Greenbelt ............................................................................ 58 4.3.1. Greenbelt Width determination ............................................................... 59 4.4. Decision Rules for Greenbelt Width ............................................................... 61 4.4.1. Decision Rule 1 ........................................................................................... 61 4.4.2. Decision Rule 2 ........................................................................................... 62 4.4.3. Decision Rule 3 ........................................................................................... 62 4.4.4. Decision Rule 4 ........................................................................................... 63 4.4.5. Decision Rule 5 ........................................................................................... 63 4.4.6. Additional Recommendations ................................................................... 63 4.5. Delineation of Greenbelt Zone ........................................................................ 65 4.5.1. Greenbelt delineation in ArcGIS .............................................................. 65 4.5.2. Geospatial Analysis for Greenbelt Delineation ...................................... 66 4.6. Greenbelt delineation in DSS .......................................................................... 67 5. Selection of Plant Species .......................................................................................... 69 5.1. Existing Plant Species ....................................................................................... 69 5.2. Criteria for Species Selection .......................................................................... 71 5.2.1. Physical properties of the Plant ............................................................... 71 5.2.2. Environmental requirement of the plant ................................................ 77 5.3. Selection of Suitable Plant Species ................................................................ 79 ii 5.3.1. Preparation of site-specific species suitability map .............................. 80 5.4. Tree species Comparison within DSS ............................................................ 81 5.5. Planting Design .................................................................................................. 83 5.6. Sources of Planting Materials .......................................................................... 87 5.7. Establishment of plant nurseries .................................................................... 88 6. Development of Investment Plan ............................................................................ 89 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 89 6.2. Development of Project .................................................................................... 89 6.2.1. Location of the Project .............................................................................. 89 6.2.2. Major Components ..................................................................................... 89 6.2.3. Economic Analysis ...................................................................................... 93 6.3. Investment Cost of the Greenbelt Establishment ........................................ 93 6.4. Benefits of Greenbelt ........................................................................................ 99 6.4.1. Tangible Benefits ........................................................................................ 99 6.4.2. Intangible Benefits ................................................................................... 106 6.5. Prioritization ..................................................................................................... 106 6.6. Phasing of Investment ................................................................................... 108