View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Canadian Journal of Communication (CJC) CANADIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, 1984, -10 (3), 83 - 92. REVIEW ESSAY Bob Taylor, Editor C. P. Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors Toronto: The Canadian Press 1983. $ 10.00 Reviewed by: N. Russell School of Journalism and Communications University of Regina Does the seemingly innocuous Canadian Press Stylebook wield much influence on general writ- ing style in Canada? And if -- as this writer contends -- it does, how can such influence be measured and, if necessary, contained? The questions are provoked by the recent publication of a new edition of the Stylebook, who1 ly revised and revamped. Overnight , the little blue (1966 and 1968 editions) or green (1974 and 1978) staff manual has expanded to a fat, fancy production with a $ 10.00 price tag. My own first exposure to the CP bible came when I joined the agency as a reporter in the Halifax bureau, in 1960. The 120-page manual that I was told to memorize contained a lot of mundane instruct ions on f i 1 ing wire-copy via teletype, some f i 1lers on the history of the agency and some rules on CP copy style. To a high school drop-out, many of these were useful and en1 ightening , 1ike the difference between "career" and "careen" (which the rest of the world still persists in ignoring). Some, even then, were archaic or arcane. For instance, peremptorily listed as "Under the Ban" were "chorine", "diesel ized ", natator", and "temblor" -- words that I had never encountered and which in the intervening decades I have never, ever felt any inclination to use. I also quickly found -- and treasured -- that immortal rule dictated by the battle-scar- red genera 1 manager, Gi 1 1 is Purcel 1 : "Specify whether amputat ions are above or below knee or elbow -- it makes considerable difference. " Subsequent editions of the Stylebook (or Style Book, as it then was written) appeared spasmodically, with very (forgive me, CP, but despite "very" being banned, sometimes I cannot resist) few changes. The 1978 edition still only had about 130 pages, having acquired a few extra imprimaturs on metrif ication and Ms (and what furore that provoked ! ), and a few more words Under theX ("lawman" and "meaningful "). But the new edition is vastly different, and being bigger and brighter, it has attracted more attention, even getting reviews of sorts in some papers (notably two in the Edmonton Jour- nal ), resulting in ateady stream of orders from laypersons across the country. Specific numbers are changing a11 the time, but 10,000 copies were printed in late 1983, with 500 im- mediately going out to CP staff and one each to the 103 - odd Canadian dailies which subscribe to CP . By May 1984 another 6,200 had been sold by mail order across the country, some to daily newspapers for staff, but many to colleges, universities and private business. (CP Business Off ice, interview Apri 1 1984 ) Just how pervasive is CP style? CP staf- fers lightly refer to it as "the bible" and are expected to adhere to it unswervingly. So un- less someone's asleep at the pencil, you'll never see a "chorine" or "natator" or even a "very" in CP copy. And almost every Canadian, one way or another, some time or another during the day, is exposed to CP copy. Carman Cumming, in his thoughtful essay "The Canadian Press: A Force for Consensus?" sees the news agency as a prime agenda-setter and describes its influence as "both pervasive and anonymous". And how can it be otherwise, when 103 of Canada's 112 daily papers are CP subscribers? Those papers, according to CP account for 4,874,825 copies daily or more than 90% of the total Canadian daily paper circula- tion. Arthur Siegel devotes a chapter to CP in his study of politics and the media in Canada, and reaffirms this: CP provides enormous quantities of political , social, economic and enter- tainment news -- much more than even the largest newspapers can handle -- but the news agency is hardly noticed by the public ... CP remains anonymous to a large segment of the population . (Siegel , 185) This mass of material amounts to some 250,000 words a day moved by CP and another 150,000 words generated by its broadcast subsi- diary, Broadcast News. The thrust of both Sie- gel' s and Cumming's studies is towards the influence CP has on news gate-keeping and the total news content of Canada Is papers. Cumming also cites colleague Joe Scanlonls study for the Davey Commission showing that 34.8 per cent of the newshole in papers surveyed was filled with copy provided by Canadian Press and its asso- ciated agencies. In some cases, the figure was 50 per cent or higher. Beyond this, there is a second layer of influence: that on the 103 member papers. Be- cause it would look extremely untidy to -- say -- spell "color" that way in wire copy in a daily paper, but to spell it "colour" in copy generated by staff writers, so member papers largely accept CP ' s recommendat ions for their own material, too. Many, many dailies simply have CP Style Books available for all staff. (In a few of the larger dailies , internal memos or individuai stylebooks override or expand on CP style). At a third level, many of Canada's communi- ty weeklies also follow CP style, because the dailies do, and because it's simpler than devel- oping their own discrete manual. As a result, it is probably safe to say that most English- language newspapers in Canada follow CP and thus, for instance, use the American style of spelling in the -or/-our debate. The question of "-our" ending versus "-or" is not a simple one, and there certainly is not space to argue it here. The Concise Oxford Engl ish Dictionary effectively states the histo- ry of the variants and it is the Concise which CP espouses. There is a temptation to think of "-ourM endings simply as "British" and see the others as American (but what about horror, pal- lor, tremor and governor?). But the OED demon- strates the way in which this "British" usage has evolved over the centuries, and even Fowler -- not known for fomenting linguistic revolution -- suggests that this trend will continue, and "we shall see word after word in -our go the way of governor" (Fowler, 4 15 ). "It is not worth while either to resist such a gradual change or to fly in the face of national (i.e. British) sentiment by trying to hurry it " , he says. And yet there may be several arguments to resist this change in Canada: 1 ) Sheer nation- alism; 2) Current practice in Canadian schools; 3) Canadian government practice; 4) It is logi- cal , if we fol low the OED; 5) Historic practice. I To summarize these arguments : 1 ) As Canadians become increasingly aware of their own distinctive culture, it is worth con- sidering the preservation of what -our endings we have left, to help retain that peculiar iden- tity. 2) It isdifficultto generalize, but many Canadian schools -- teach the -our style; if that is seen as good enough for children, why then not for newspaper readers? (See Robert Ireland's 1979 dissertation, "Canadian Spel- ling....") 3) The federal government has never repealed, and thus still follows, an 1871 Order-in-Council which dictated the -our usage. 4) As CP insists that the Oxford Dictionary is the principle source for spelling reference, why immediately make a major exception? And then there are exceptions to the exceptions: The Globe and Mail Style Book prefers the -or end- ings, but not for "amour" or "paramour", and refers to Harborfront Park but Harbour Castle and Harbour Square (Globe Style Book, 121). The Vancouver Sun Style Guide subscribes to -or endings, except for "devour" but adds to the Globe's except ions "tambourine " , "pompadour " "troubadour", and "Saviour". (Sun , 22). ~nd the Toronto Star is even more pigheaded: " s a- vior unless it's Saviour", it dictates (Star Stylebook, 118). 5) Early English-language newspapers in Canada appear to have automatically followed British style on -our endings. A highly unscientific survey of early Canadian newspapers (based on what happened to be in my closet) showed the following: The Montreal Herald of 1843, The Globe of Toronto in 1848, and the Family Herald of 1905 all use -our. But the Druid (Sask.) Enterprise of 1920 and the Selkirk (Man .) Weekly Record of 1927 use -or. It may only be coinci- dence, but the implication s-s to be that the disappearance of -our endings in Canadian papers coincided with the rise of CP (founded 1917). Bob Taylor, long-time CP staffer and editor of the news style book, maintains that Canada's style on -or/-our has never been consistent. "We've never had a universal style, histo- rically. CP is often accused of lopping off the -our endings. But it depended on the province or even the region", he said in an interview. Users have to adjust the book for their own requ i rements , he suggested. "I would say ordinary people tend to spell -our in Ontario. ..But I would say that willy- nilly we're going to be stuck with -or endings because of the all-pervasive influence of N." Taylor points out that CP follows British style rather than American (as with "kidnapped", "tranqui 11 izer" and "cigarette 'I) , but suggested that originally many newspapers -- as CP sub- scribers -- may have pressed for -or endings simply because, being fractional ly shorter, these are easier to fit into headlines.