Tímto stvrzuji, že jsem tuto disertační práci vypracoval samostatně a uvedl jsem veškerou použitou literaturu. V Praze dne 22.4.2013 3 4 Acknowledgements My involvement at the Future of European Welfare Systems, a European-wide research group led by Klaus Schubert helped me to become familiar with key scholarly debates in the field of comparative welfare systems. Moreover, I am indebted to Klaus Schubert, Miroslav Mareš and Petr Fiala for the opportunity to identify the research field I have finally entered and its value in a broader context of scholarly debate on historical evolution of welfare systems. The intellectual environment of the Department of Political Science at Masaryk University in Brno and the stimulating research visit to the Department of Social Policy and Intervention at the University of Oxford were a welcoming space in which my thought could settle and my argumentation could become clearer. I have benefited greatly from the constructive criticism of a number of colleagues from the Politics of Social Policy seminar, first and foremost Barbara Zarate, but also Lim Sang Hun, Jennifer Sigafoos, Emanuele Ferragina, and others. The research plan would not be possible without devoted intellectual support of Martin Seeleib- Kaiser, my advisor at the University of Oxford. I have also benefited from comments and suggestions about the research plan by Ondřej Císař, Robert Walker, Claus Offe and Peter A. Kemp and discussions with Jakub Rákosník and Dalibor Státník. Numerous participants at a number of conferences and seminars in Prague, Olomouc, London, Oxford, Münster and Siegen provided me with valuable feedback. The text has been edited with the kind help of John Korba and Laura Brade, whom I would like to thank for their efficiency and professionalism. The evolution of this text would not be possible without tolerance and support given to me over the years by my employer, the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes in Prague. I would like to especially thank Stanislav Balík, my advisor at the Masaryk University, for his patience, intellectual as well as personal support that went far beyond the usual call of duty. Invaluable support over the years has been provided by my parents Hanka and Pavel and my grandparents Karel Závěta and Milena Závětová. They were often the first readers of my texts and I have benefited from their broad horizon and scope of knowledge. My sons Jonatan, Hynek and Ámos enlightened my research process and devotedly followed me on the way. This thesis is dedicated to my wife Adela, who remains not only the most important source of support, but also the greatest inspiration for me and my work. 5 List of diagrams and tables Diagrams DIAGRAM 1: The hierarchical structure of the party-state 83 DIAGRAM 2: Propaganda view on the housing domain in capitalism and socialism 96 DIAGRAM 3: Structure of the housing sector according to the Document on Housing (1959) 104 DIAGRAM 4: How to get an apartment 124 Tables TABLE 1: Proportion of apartments 116 TABLE 2: The financing of individual housing construction 118 TABLE 3: Financing cooperative housing construction 119 TABLE 4: Distribution of monthly rents 122 TABLE 5: Number of residents of Žďár 133 TABLE 6: Resuls in the general elections in 1990 140 6 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 5 List of diagrams and tables ................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Research outline .................................................................................................................................... 13 Research question ............................................................................................................................. 13 Problem definition ............................................................................................................................. 13 Social control ................................................................................................................................. 17 Case(s) ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Analytical procedures and techniques .......................................................................................... 22 Reliability ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Operationalization and data .............................................................................................................. 25 Criteria for the fieldwork case selection ....................................................................................... 25 Data ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Literature review ................................................................................................................................... 30 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Functions within the social welfare domain ..................................................................................... 31 A communist welfare state?.............................................................................................................. 35 Social welfare domain as an appreciation of the nature of communist state .................................. 37 Social control ................................................................................................................................. 40 Real-existing socialism ....................................................................................................................... 41 Theories on real-existing socialism ............................................................................................... 44 Is the concept of social contract an alternative? .............................................................................. 48 The crucial role of housing sector ..................................................................................................... 51 Sources .............................................................................................................................................. 55 7 State-society and the sources on feedback in housing policy ....................................................... 57 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 59 History of social welfare domain in the Czech territory ........................................................................ 61 Austrian-Hungarian roots .............................................................................................................. 61 The Interwar Period ....................................................................................................................... 61 Nazi Occupation ............................................................................................................................ 62 Post-war “Socializing Democracy” ................................................................................................ 63 Making an economy socialist ............................................................................................................ 64 Social transformation in the communist regime up to 1968 ............................................................ 66 The offer of Normalization .................................................................................................................... 68 Methodological nexus ....................................................................................................................... 68 The Headquarters and their operation ................................................................................................. 74 The leading role of the party ............................................................................................................. 79 State administration .......................................................................................................................... 82 Governing model of the Real Existing Socialism ................................................................................... 85 Leading role of the party ............................................................................................................... 86 Actors............................................................................................................................................. 87 Resource mobilization ................................................................................................................... 90 The story of housing policy ................................................................................................................... 93 Policy turns and shifts ....................................................................................................................