Industrial networks and IIoT: Now and future trends Downloaded from: https://research.chalmers.se, 2021-09-25 14:32 UTC Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Sari, A., Lekidis, A., Butun, I. (2020) Industrial networks and IIoT: Now and future trends Industrial IoT: Challenges, Design Principles, Applications, and Security: 3-55 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42500-5_1 N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. research.chalmers.se offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all kind of research output: articles, dissertations, conference papers, reports etc. since 2004. research.chalmers.se is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library (article starts on next page) 8JJINXHZXXNTSXXYFYXFSIFZYMTWUWTKNQJXKTWYMNXUZGQNHFYNTSFYMYYUX\\\WJXJFWHMLFYJSJYUZGQNHFYNTS ,QGXVWULDO1HWZRUNVDQG,,R71RZDQG)XWXUH7UHQGV (MFUYJW{/ZQ^ )4.D (.9&9.438 7*&)8 FZYMTWX &QUFWXQFS8FWN &QJ]NTX1JPNINX :SN[JWXNY^TK)JQF\FWJFWJ .SYWFHTR9JQJHTR8& 5:'1.(&9.438dddFor(.9&9.438(.9&9 ddd 5:'1.(&9.438ddd(.9&9.438ddd 8**574+.1* 8**574+.1* .XRFNQ'ZYZS (MFQRJWX:SN[JWXNY^TK9JHMSTQTL^ 5:'1.(&9.438ddd(.9&9.438ddd 8**574+.1* 8TRJTKYMJFZYMTWXTKYMNXUZGQNHFYNTSFWJFQXT\TWPNSLTSYMJXJWJQFYJIUWTOJHYXReviewJIUWTOJHYX .S2TYNTS;NJ\UWTOJHY *SJWL^HTSXZRUYNTSKTW.T9X^XYJRX;NJ\UWTOJHY &QQHTSYJSYKTQQT\NSLYMNXUFLJ\FXZUQTFIJIG^&QJ]NTX1JPNINXTS/ZQ^ 9MJZXJWMFXWJVZJXYJIJSMFSHJRJSYTKYMJIT\SQTFIJIKNQJ Industrial networks and IIoT: Now and future trends Alparslan Sari, Alexios Lekidis, and Ismail Butun For Abstractact ConnectivityConnecti is tthe one word summary for Industry 4.0 revolution. The importancemportancetance of InternetIntern of ThinThings (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) have been increased dramaticallyaticallytically with the rise ofo induindustrialization and industry 4.0. As new opportunities bring theireir own challenges, wwith the massive interconnected devices of the IIoT, cyber securityrity of thosetho netwnetworks anddpr privacy of their users have become an impor- tant aspect. Specifically,pecifically,eci intrusionn detectiodetection for industrial networks (IIoT) has great importance. Forinsta instance, it isa key factor ini improving the safe operation of the smart grid systems yet protectingecting the privacy ofo the consumers at the same time. In the same manner, data streamingReviewreaming is a valid optionopt wwhen the analysis is to be pushed from the cloud to the fogfor industrial networksnetw to prprovide agile response, since it brings the advantage of fast actionction on intrusion detectiondet and also can buy time for intrusion mitigation. In order to dive deep in industrialial networks, basic groundg needs to be settled. Hence, this chapter serves in this manner,nner,ner, by presenting basic and emerging tech- nologies along with ideas and discussions:s: First, an introduction of ssemiconductor evolution is provided along with the up-to-dateate hi-techtech wired/wireless cocommunica- tion solutions for industrial networks. This is followedllowedowed by a thoroughthoroug represrepresentation of future trends in industrial environments. More importantly,mportantly, enabling technolottechnologies for industrial networks is also presented. Finally, thee chapterhapter is concludedconclude with a summary of the presentations along with future projectionsonsns of IIoT networks.network Alparslan Sari (Ph.D. Candidate) University of Delaware, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering(ECE), Cybersecurity Research Group, Newark, DE, USA e-mail: [email protected] Alexios Lekidis (Ph.D.) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece e-mail: [email protected] Ismail Butun (Ph.D.) Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), Network and Systems Division, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] 1 2 Alparslan Sari, Alexios Lekidis, Ismail Butun 1 Introduction Industry 4.0 revolution can be summarized with one word: ‘Connectivity’. Connec- tivity will enable intelligent production with the proliferation of IIoT, cloud and big data. Smart devices can collect various data about indoor location, outdoor position, status information, usage patterns of the clients, etc. They have the ability not only in gathering information, but also sharing the information amongst intended peers. This will be beneficial in building an efficient manufacturing process in industrial environmentsronm and also in helping with the planned preventative maintenance on machinery. The other benefit is in identifying errors in the production pipeline as quickly as posspossible since it is an important factor to reduce the production and main- tenance costs. InduIIndustry 4.0 is also focusing on optimization problems in the industry Forby usingsing smart devicdevices to utilize data-driven services. Industry 4.0 and IIoT are used for complex task shsharing, decision making based on collected data, and remote access to machinery.machinery MassiMassive connectivity of the things and data collection/sharing capabilityapabilityility of those promotes security to be a major requirement for the IIoT and Industrystryry 4.0 concepts. Semiconductorconductor transistorstransistor aare introduced in the late 1940s and led the micropro- cessor revolutionlutionon in the 1971970s. Intelpr produced MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) based 4 bits 4004004 micropmicroprocessorin 19711971. It had 2,250 transistors, 10,000nm MOS process and areaof 1 12mm2. Figuregure 1 1 showsshow the plot of MOS transistor counts by years. In the plots, the exponentialonential increase ofo transistor counts validates Moore’s law - transistors in an integratedReviewntegratedtegrated circuit doublesdoub eevery two years. Currently, tran- sistor counts jumped to9 − 40 billion lion with 7 − 12nnm MOS process and area of 100 − 1000mm2. Figure 2 andd 3 showsows the evolutionevolutio of theth flash memory and RAM with transistor count vs. date plot.ot. Groundbreaking technolottechnological advances in elec- tronics started the information agewhich triggered major changechanges in communication technologies such as the Internet (connectivity),nectivity),ectivity), advanced machinmachinery, and software development, etc. Internet became the globallobal communication hub, eenabling us to exchange information instantly. Advanced electronicslectronicsics produced smart ddevices with a smaller size, which constitute today’s ‘things’of f IoT and IIoT. IoT is the proliferation of smart devices such astablets, phones, homehom appliaappliances such as TVs, and other sensors, etc. The benefit of usingg smartmart devices at homehom wouwould be reducing electric bills and time savings etc. Managingng resource usage basedb on sensors or scheduling heavy-duty tasks like running dishwasher,asher,her, washing machinemach or dryer when the electric consumption is the cheapest. IoT devicesevices are commonlycomm used by the hobbyist or another consumer usage, and even in industry.stry.try. However, IIoT is designed for heavy-duty tasks such as manufacturing, monitoring,g, etc.tc. So, IIoT uses more precise and durable (heat/cold resistant) devices, actuators,sensors, etc. Both IoT and IIoT have the same core principles such as data management,network, etwork, security, cloud, etc. The main differences between IoT and IIoT are scalabilityty and the volume of generated data and how data has been handled. Since IIoT devicesce generate massive amount of data, IIoT requires data streaming, big data, machine 1 Figures 1, 2, and 3 are illustrated based on data from: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/ Transistor_count Industrial networks and IIoT 3 For eview Fig. 1: Figure shows transistor counts in microprocessors by date between 1971-1990 (top), 1991-2010 (middle), and 2010-2019 (bottom). 4 Alparslan Sari, Alexios Lekidis, Ismail Butun For Fig.g. 2: FGMOS transistortran countcoun in Flash memory over years with capacity increase. view Fig. 3: Transistor count in RAM over years with capacityacitycity increase.increase learning or artificial intelligence practices. In a home network, loss ofthe he generated data would be trivial but in IIoT it is vital. The data in IIoT should be morere precise,recise, continuous and sensitive. For instance, considering a monitoring system in anuclearnucle power plant or a manufacturing facility should be precise, continuous and sensitiveitive to prevent hazardous events. The implementation of IIoT in production lines or other industrial projects, companies are aiming to reduce production or maintenance costs and improve efficiency, stability, safety, etc. Industrial networks and IIoT 5 According to a key note speech2 delivered by Tom Bradicich3, the 7 principles of the IIoT are provided as follows: • Big amount of analog data: Many sensors generate analog data and this data needs to be digitized to be further treated, analyzed and stored. • Perpetual connectivity: Devices of the IIoT are always connected. There are three key benefits of this: 1) Real-time monitoring is possible. 2) Continuous monitoring can help us to push software-firmware updates and fixes. 3) The benefit of connected devices motivates individuals and organizations to purchase producproducts. • Real-time data streaming: In the industry there are many safety mechanisms are in use, and ththey are constantly generating data. Considering a nuclear power plant, Forsafety is of utmoutmost critical from the operations point of view. Monitoring requires real-timeal-ti data streastreaming since a