National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2010 Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park Table of Contents Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Concurrence Status Geographic Information and Location Map Management Information National Register Information Chronology & Physical History Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity Condition Treatment Bibliography & Supplemental Information Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Inventory Summary The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview: CLI General Information: Purpose and Goals of the CLI The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a comprehensive inventory of all cultural landscapes in the national park system, is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service (NPS) Park Cultural Landscapes Program. The CLI is an evaluated inventory of all landscapes having historical significance that are listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise managed as cultural resources through a public planning process and in which the NPS has or plans to acquire any legal interest. The CLI identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved CLIs when concurrence with the findings is obtained from the park superintendent and all required data fields are entered into a national database. In addition, for landscapes that are not currently listed on the National Register and/or do not have adequate documentation, concurrence is required from the State Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the National Register. The CLI, like the List of Classified Structures, assists the NPS in its efforts to fulfill the identification and management requirements associated with Section 110(a) of the National Historic Preservation Act, National Park Service Management Policies (2006), and Director’s Order #28: Cultural Resource Management. Since launching the CLI nationwide, the NPS, in response to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), is required to report information that respond to NPS strategic plan accomplishments. Two GPRA goals are associated with the CLI: bringing certified cultural landscapes into good condition (Goal 1a7) and increasing the number of CLI records that have complete, accurate, and reliable information (Goal 1b2B). Scope of the CLI The information contained within the CLI is gathered from existing secondary sources found in park libraries and archives and at NPS regional offices and centers, as well as through on-site reconnaissance of the existing landscape. The baseline information collected provides a comprehensive look at the historical development and significance of the landscape, placing it in context of the site’s overall significance. Documentation and analysis of the existing landscape identifies character-defining characteristics and features, and allows for an evaluation of the landscape’s overall integrity and an assessment of the landscape’s overall condition. The CLI also provides an illustrative site plan that indicates major features within the inventory unit. Unlike cultural landscape reports, the CLI does not provide management recommendations or Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 1 of 73 Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park treatment guidelines for the cultural landscape. Inventory Unit Description: The Painted Desert Inn Historic District, which covers approximately 15 acres, is located within Petrified Forest National Park, just north of Interstate 40 and the Painted Desert Community Complex. The district includes the Painted Desert Inn (Inn), associated courtyards and terraces, parking area, pedestrian paths, the Kachina Point Overlook, two residences and associated parking area, and adjacent landscape features and vegetation. The first structure on the site, the Stone Tree House, was constructed in 1924 by Herbert Lore. In 1936, the National Park Service purchased this structure and incorporated it into the new Painted Desert Inn, retaining the commanding views of the original structure. The new Inn was built with native materials in the NPS Rustic Style that drew inspiration from regional pueblo architectural forms. This reconstruction was part of a larger master plan that included adding a residential complex, administration buildings, a service station and garages, utility structures, warehouses, and maintenance facilities to the south of the Inn. The master plan also realigned the access road. However, only parts of this master plan were implemented, and of these parts, the Painted Desert Inn, the rerouted road with associated parking areas, and two residences remain. Characteristic of NPS New Deal Era projects, development of courtyards, terraces, and pathways also used the Rustic Style, and the design of the surrounding landscape incorporated original vegetation that was augmented with some new plantings. In the mid-1960s, the Inn closed, and the National Park Service was unsure of what to do with the building. Proposals were put forth to demolish the structure; however, in October 1975, the Painted Desert Inn was nominated to and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, after which it received a designation as a Bicentennial Travel Center and was rehabilitated. The Inn was further rehabilitation in 1987-1989 and again in 2004-2005 (NPS “Space Utilization Charette, Vol. II” February 27 – March 1, 2001, 3 – 4). The landscape also underwent extensive rehabilitation during the years 2004-2005 by Cal Wadsworth Construction under the direction of the NPS-Denver Service Center. The Painted Desert Inn Historic District is significant under Criteria A and C for its association with 20th century trends in tourism and recreation and in its association with NPS Rustic Style architecture and landscape architecture from 1924 to 1949. The Painted Desert Inn Historic District was designed by National Park Service architect Lyle E. Bennett and landscape architect Thomas C. Vint. Constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in 1937-1940, the Inn and its associated features retain significance as tangible products and symbols of the work relief programs of the New Deal era. In 1947-1948, the interior of the Inn was redesigned by Mary Jane Colter, architect of the Fred Harvey Company, and Hopi artist, Fred Kabotie. The period of significance spans from 1924 to 1949. The year 1924 is the construction date of the Stone Tree House by Herbert Lore and 1949 is the end of the initial construction period. Today, historic character is maintained, and integrity to the 1924-1949 period of significance remains. The existing Painted Desert Inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 with a subsequent National Historic Landmark listing in 1987. The current National Register boundary currently encompasses 15 acres with 5 contributing resources, including the Painted Desert Inn (Inn), two residences, a small paved parking lot on the Entrance side, and a two-lane park road. This CLI expands the period of significance from 1925-1949 to 1924-1949, increases the number of contributing Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 2 of 73 Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park features, and changes the property to a district. The boundaries of the CLI remain the same as the 1975 nomination. This CLI is based on a 2003 Cultural Landscape Treatment Plan for the Painted Desert Inn completed by John Milner Associates (JMA), working in partnership with Susan Maxman & Partners, Architects. That Treatment Plan, which provides design guidelines and implementation recommendations, drew from and supplemented information contained in the 2002 Painted Desert Inn CLI Phase 1 (survey). A revised draft of the CLI and National Register nomination were completed in 2007 through a cooperative agreement. In 2010, the draft was further revised and updated and received concurrence. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 3 of 73 Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park Site Plan Site plan showing existing 15-acre National Register historic district and existing National Landmark Boundary. This CLI addresses the 15-acre historic district currently listed on the National Register. Source: JMA, Treatment Plan, page 24. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 4 of 73 Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park Property Level and CLI Numbers Inventory Unit Name: Painted Desert Inn Property Level: Component Landscape CLI Identification Number: 850114 Parent Landscape: 850113 Park Information Park Name and Alpha Code: Petrified Forest National Park -PEFO Park Organization Code: 8430 Park Administrative Unit: Petrified Forest National Park CLI Hierarchy Description The Painted Desert Inn is a component landscape of the Petrified Forest National Park landscape (850113). Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 5 of 73 Painted Desert Inn Petrified Forest National Park Concurrence Status Inventory Status: Complete Completion Status Explanatory Narrative: This CLI is adapted from the Painted Desert Inn NHL Cultural Landscape Treatment Plan, prepared by John Milner Associates (JMA) in June 2003. That Treatment Plan expanded on the Level 1 CLI, written by Morrow Reardon Wilkinson, Ltd. in 2002. In 2007, the CLI was revised and updated through a cooperative agreement with Arizona State University. Additionally a draft National Register nomination