Cultural Dynamics in Ionia at the End of the Second Millennium BCE: New Archaeological Perspectives and Prospects Edited e-Thesis The results, discussions and conclusions presented herein are identical to those in the printed version. This electronic version of the thesis has been edited solely to ensure conformance with copyright legislation and all excisions are noted in the text. The final, awarded and examined version is available for consultation via the University Library. Rik Vaessen PhD The University of Sheffield Department of Archaeology May 2014 Table of Contents List of Figures iii List of Tables vi Acknowledgments vii Abstract ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Setting the stage 1 1.2. Introducing the Ionians 4 1.3. Finding Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Ionia 12 Phokaia 14 Panaztepe-Menemen 16 Smyrna-Bayraklı 17 Limantepe/Klazomenai 19 Erythrai 23 Chios: Emporio and Kato Phana 24 Teos 26 Kolophon 26 Klaros 28 Metropolis-Bademgedi ǧi Tepe 29 Ephesos (Apaša) 31 Ku şadası-Kadıkalesi 33 Samos: Heraion and Pythagorio 33 Miletos 35 The Miletos-area: Assesos and Teichiussa 38 Cine-Tepecik 38 1.4. Outline of the study 39 Chapter 2. Tracing the Ionians in modern scholarship 43 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. Dorians and Ionians: 1750-1870 43 2.3. The Ionians between 1870 and 1939 54 2.4. The Ionians and their migration become visible … or not? (1945-present) 60 2.5. The current debate in perspective 69 2.6. Final remarks 78 Chapter 3. Theoretical and methodological considerations 79 3.1. Introduction 79 3.2. Theory: some critical remarks 79 3.3. Instable stability 82 3.4. Making stability 87 3.5. The local and the global 90 3.6. Investigating material change: some thoughts on a methodology 93 3.7. Final remarks 97 Chapter 4. Ceramic innovation in Ionia at the beginning of the twelfth century 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Imported pottery and local production 99 4.3. ‘Aegean’-style wheelmade cooking pots: evidence for migrants? 105 4.4. ‘Aegean’-style cooking pots in Ionia: a technological perspective 116 Issues of technology 116 Children and ceramic production 122 i 4.5. ‘Aegean’-style cooking pots in Ionia: a mobility perspective 126 A view from Cyprus 126 A view from the northern Levant 128 Back to the East Aegean 133 4.6. Final remarks 138 Chapter 5. Protogeometric pottery in Ionia 141 5.1. Introduction 141 5.2. Protogeometric pottery at Athens 141 ‘Submycenaean’ pottery 143 The introduction of test-pieces 146 Metal and decorative motifs on ceramics 149 5.3. Protogeometric pottery in Central Macedonia 154 Ceramics developments in Central Macedonia: a view from Kastanas 160 Concentric circles in Central Macedonia 165 5.4. Protogeometric pottery in Ionia 177 General observations on Ionian Protogeometric pottery 178 Protogeometric pottery in north-Ionia 185 Protogeometric pottery in south-Ionia 191 5.5. Final remarks 199 Chapter 6. Conclusions 201 6.1. Introduction 201 6.2. The background 201 6.3. Discussion 204 Ceramic developments at the beginning of the twelfth century 206 Protogeometric pottery in Ionia 211 6.4. Looking ahead 217 6.5. Final remarks 220 Bibliography 221 ii List of Figures Special note for electronic version: figures for which no permission was obtained to reproduce them are blanked out to prevent copyright issues. Figure 1.1. Map of Ionia 13 Figure 1.2. ‘Submycenaean’ amphora from Phokaia (redrawn after Özyi ğit 2005: fig. 15 10.7). Figure 1.3. A view of Smyrna-Bayraklı (photo: author). 18 Figure 1.4. View of Limantepe from Karantina Island (photo: author). 20 Figure 1.5. Picture of the Early Iron Age kiln from Klazomenai (courtesy of the 22 Klazomenai Excavations; all rights reserved). Figure 1.6. View of the prehistoric acropolis at Emporio from the historical acropolis 24 (photo: author). Figure 1.7. View of Kato Phana from the sea-side (photo: author). 26 Figure 1.8. View of the acropolis at Kolophon (photo: author). 27 Figure 1.9. View of the Apollo sanctuary at Klaros (photo: author). 28 Figure 1.10. Pictoral krater from Bademgedi ği Tepe (after Mountjoy 2007: fig. 14). 30 Figure 1.11. View of the Artemision with the Ayasuluk Hill in the back (photo: author). 31 Figure 1.12. View of the Heraion on Samos (photo: author). 34 Figure 1.13. View of Miletos (photo: author). 35 Figure 3.1. Cartoon by Bill Whitehead (http://www.creators.com/comics/free-range/70578.html 83 [accessed 14-11-2013]) . Figure 3.2. An excavation trench at Barçın Höyük, Turkey, in 2007 (photo: author). 86 Figure 4.1. A painted and a Grey ware jug from Panaztepe-Menemen (after Günel 100 1999a: pl. 167.1 and 166.1). Figure 4.2. Painted ‘Anatolian’ bowl from Bakla Tepe (after Özkan and Erkanal 1999: 102 fig. 12). Figure 4.3. Wheelmade ‘Aegean’-style cooking pots from Limantepe/Klazomenai 105 (redrawn after Mangalo ǧlu-Votruba 2011: 69, fig. 2b). Figure 4.4. Wheelmade and handmade cooking pot from Emporio, Chios (after Hood 106 1981/1982: pl. 127; reproduced with permission of the British School at Athens). Figure 4.5. 'Mycenaean' cooking pots from the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. (1: 107 redrawn after Evely 2006: fig. 2.8.3; 2: redrawn after Jung 2011a: fig. 4.6; 3: redrawn after Hood 1981/1982: 618, fig. 280.2949; 4: redrawn after Janeway 2011: fig. 3.7; 5: redrawn after Badre 2011a: 166, fig. 9c; 6: after Karageorghis 2011: 27, fig. 1; reproduced with permission from V. Karageorghis). Figure 4.6. Late Bronze Age handmade cooking pots from Enkomi (redrawn after 108 Jung 2011a: figs. 1.1 and 1.4). Figure 4.7. Cooking pots from Late Bronze Age Aphrodisias (redrawn after 110 Jouwkowsky 1986: pls. 489.15, 490.27, 491.8, 491.12, 492.6, 493.22). Figure 4.8. Kitchen utensils from Late Bronze Age Beycesultan (Level II), cooking 111 pots (2, 8-9), baking plate (7), colanders (3-4), spouted pot (1), and carinated bowls (5-6) (redrawn after Mellaart and Murray 1995: figs. P 28.2-3, P29.1-7). Figure 4.9. Coarse ware cooking pots from Late Bronze Age Panaztepe-Menemen 112 (redrawn after Günel 1999a: pls. 79.2, 80.4, 82.4, 85.6, 84.1, 84.4, 89.6, 91.4, 94.3, 90.4, 92.1). Figure 4.10. Coarse ware cooking pot from Panaztepe-Menemen (after Günel 1999a: 113 pl. 163.1). iii Figure 4.11. Early Iron Age handmade cooking pot from the Artemision at Ephesos 115 (after Forstenpointer et al. 2008: 44, fig. 14; reproduced with permission from M. Kerschner). Figure 4.12. The four wheel-fashioning methods (after Roux and Courty 1998: fig. 1). 118 Figure 4.13. Coarse ware wheelmade cooking pots and fine ware jugs from Lefkandi 121 (redrawn after Evely 2006: 208, fig. 2.33; 200, fig. 2.28.1-3; 2-4, fig. 2.31.9-11). Figure 4.14. Google Maps view of the Eastern Aegean. 132 Figure 4.15. Early Bronze Age cooking jug from Emporio Area F. Stage 4 (Per. 1) 136 (after Hood 1981/1982: pl. 109; reproduced with permission of the British School at Athens). Figure 4.16. Minoan kitchen ware from Miletos IV (after W.-D. Niemeier 2007a: pl. 136 3.3). Figure 5.1. Belly-handled amphora (P30305) from Grave I 5:3 (photo: author; with 145 permission from J.K Papadopoulos and ASCSA). Figure 5.2. Test-pieces from Athens (after Papadopoulos 2003: pls. 2.6,9,7,18,19; 147 1.42,63) (reproduced with permission from J.K. Papadopoulos and ASCSA). Figure 5.3. Cup and oinochoe from Tomb 126, Syntagma Station, Athens (after 150 Parlama and Stampolidis 2003: 163). Figure 5.4. Early Protogeometric skyphoi from the Kerameikos with tangentially 151 joined running spirals (1) and sets of concentric circles linked by crossed lines (2) (photo: D-DAI-ATH-Kerameikos 2519 and 3179. All rights reserved). Figure 5.5. Finger-ring with double spiralled bezel from Perati (after Iakovides 1980: 151 83, fig. 97). Figure 5.6. Fragment of a silver skyphos with fan decoration from Marsigliana 152 d’Albergna (Italy) (after Vickers and Gill 1994: 114, fig. 5.7). Figure 5.7. Map of Central Macedonia with the most important Late Bronze and Early 155 Iron Age sites. Figure 5.8. Sets of concentric circles on pottery from Toumba Thessaloniki (after 165 Andreou 2009: fig. 15, reproduced with permission from S. Andreou). Figure 5.9. Examples of sets of concentric circles from Kastanas Level 12 (after Jung 166 2002: pls. 28.292-293, 41.388; reproduced with permission from R. Jung). Figure 5.10. Vessels with sets of concentric circles from Torone (after Papadopoulos 167 2005: 1084, pl. 261; 1081, pl. 260a; 1156, pl. 327; reproduced with permission from J.K. Papadopoulos). Figure 5.11. Amphora with sets of seven circles from Torone (after Papadopoulos 168 2005: fig. 160a-b, pl. 266; reproduced with permission from J.K. Papadopoulos). Figure 5.12. Krater from Kastanas Level 12 with a horn motif consisting of three lines 168 linking the rim with a thin line on the lower part of the wall (after Jung 2002: pl. 25.282; reproduced with permission from R. Jung). Figure 5.13. Possible use of a multiple brush on an amphora from Kastanas Level 12 169 (after Jung 2002: pl. 33.342; reproduced with permission from R. Jung). Figure 5.14. Shoulder of a large closed vessel from Kastanas Level 12 showing sets of 169 ‘handdrawn’ arcs which might have been drawn with the help of a multiple-brush (after Jung 2002: pl.