387 Abeer Fathllah et al. Eco-Friendly Functional Resist Printing for Viscose Fabrics Abeer I. Fathallah, Textile Printing, Dyeing and Finishing Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, [email protected] El-Amir M. Emam Textile Printing, Dyeing and Finishing Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University. Mahmoud A. Ali Textile Printing, Dyeing and Finishing Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University. Abstract: Keywords: This study focused on demonstrates improving the antibacterial activity and Eco-Friendly, White Resists white resist printing for viscose fabrics in one step. Chitosan is the Printing, Chitosan, Viscose deacetylated derivative of chitin; it is a functional biopolymer which can be fabrics, Antibacterial, safely used for textile wet process. The efficacy of resisting agent was Reactive Dyes studied in comparison with standard unprinted illuminated fabrics. Results show that an improvement in antibacterial activity and dye blocking. In all cases, the reprinted fabrics were more oversensitive towards Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria due to bacteria structure. This method can be suitable for eco-friendly resist printing on viscose fabrics. Paper received 25th November 2019, Accepted 26th December 2019, Published 1st of April 2020 INTRODUCTION the textile itself from damage caused by mildew Today, the environmental impacts are now producing microorganisms. becoming an important factor during the selection The actual mechanisms by which antibacterial of wet process of textile industry. However, due to finishes control bacterial growth are extremely increased awareness of the nature of polluting varied, ranging from preventing cell reproduction, textiles effluents, social pressures are increasing blocking of enzymes, and reaction with the cell on textile wet processing units. membrane to the destruction of the cell walls Awareness about eco-friendly and sustainability (Schindler W., Hauser P. (2004) Chemical wet process of textile industry is one of the Finishing of Textiles. CRC Press, New York). important cases since clothes used and called the The antibacterial agents can be broadly classified second skin for human. Owing to the global into: organic compounds such as chitosan, consumer demand, R&D effort is being carried out triclosan, quaternary ammonium compounds, and in field of new technologies (Periyasamy A. P., inorganic materials like metal and metal oxides. Rwahwire S., Zhao Y. (2019) Environmental Many of antibacterial agents and textile auxiliaries Friendly Textile Processing. In: Martínez L., have negative impacts on the textile user as well as Kharissova O., Kharisov B. (eds) Handbook of the environmental (Ibrahim N. A., Eid B. M., Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham, 1521-1558). Emam E. M., El-Zairy E. R., & Barkat S. R., Viscose fibers is Regenerated fibers made from (2019) Environmentally Sound Approach for the renewable raw material “cellulose” can only be Imparting Antibacterial and UV-Protection wets pun as filaments with the aid of special Functionalities to Linen Cellulose Using Ascorbic solvents for the base polymer. It enjoys a unique Acid. International Journal of Biological position as the most versatile of all man-made Macromolecules, 135, 88-96). fiber in end use application. From this treatment Chitosan is the deacetylated derivative of chitin, resulted from the ability to make the fiber when the degree of deacetylation reaches about chemically and structurally in ways that take 50% (depending on the origin of the polymer); it advantage of the properties of cellulose and becomes soluble in aqueous acidic media and is advantage of synthetic fiber (Rouette H. K., called chitosan. It consists of copolymers of (2001) Encyclopedia of Textile Finishing. 3rd glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine (Pillai C., Edition, Springer). Paul W., Sharma C. P. (2009) Chitin and Chitosan The chemical antibacterial finishes have two Polymers: Chemistry, Solubility and Fiber different aspects of antibacterial protection. The Formation. Progress in Polymer Science 34 (7): first is the protection of the textile consumer 641-650.). against pathogenic or odor causing The chemical structure of chitosan and cellulose microorganisms. The second is the protection of are nearly similar, which chitosan contains NH2 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Eco-Friendly Functional Resist Printing for Viscose Fabrics 388 group but cellulose contains OH group on the resist printing in one step. glucose molecule. The amino groups of chitosan Study Significance: are responsible for the antibacterial activity (Ul- The present work aims to use chitosan as eco- Islam M., Shah N., Ha J.H. et al. (2011) Effect of friendly functional resisting agent for white resist chitosan penetration on physico-chemical and printing viscose fabrics. The effects of ratio and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose. concentration of various resist-printing agents and Korean Journal Chemical Engineering 28 (8), processing conditions are observed and discussed. 1736-1743), (Ibrahim H. M., Emam E. M., Tawfik M. T., & El-Aref A. T., (2019)Preparation of 2. Experimental Cotton Gauze Coated with Carboxymethyl 2.1. Material Chitosan and its Utilization for Water Filtration. The textile fabrics used in this study were Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and commercially available scoured and bleached Management 11 (5), 1-11), (Thomas, S., Abraham plain weave 100% viscose woven fabrics from J., et al. (eds) (2014) Polymer Composite. Vol. 3: Abu-Ela Co, Egypt. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.). 2.2. Dyes Study Problem: Reactive dyes were used Yellow P4G, Red P2B, Awareness about eco-friendly and sustainability Blue P3R, and Black DN reactive dyes from wet process of Viscose fibers for demonstrates OHYOUNG, Korea shown in table 1. improving the antibacterial activity and white Table 1 Chemical Structure Reactive dyes 2.3. Chemicals Chitosan (degree of deacetylation of >85% Acros), Isopropyl alcohol (Acros),Citric acid, Acetic acid, Glycerin, Ammonium hydroxide (99%), Commercial sodium alginate (medium viscosity) and Commercial guar gum were used in this study. Figure 2 Chemical Structure of Guar Gum 2.4. Methods 2.4.1. Preparation of Resist Agent for Printing Paste Figure 1 Chemical Structure of Sodium The stock solution of resist agent preparation Alginate April 2020 International Design Journal, Volume 10, Issue 2 389 Abeer Fathllah et al. following blew: measured at the wave length of the maximum 1. Fill flak with 98ml of purified water. absorbance using a spectrophotometer model 2. Complete to 100 ml with pure Glacial acetic (CM-3700A), and calculated by the Kubelka acid. Munk equation (Ibrahim H., El-Zairy E., Emam E. 3. Put the beaker on a hot plate magnetic stirrer M., & Saad E. A., (2019) Combined antimicrobial for 5 minutes. finishing & dyeing properties of cotton, polyester 4. Rise the temperature to 30˚c. fabrics and their blends with acid and disperse 5. Put the chitosan gradually (from 0.4%-2%) dyes. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 62 (5), 965- otherwise it may cause a rapid rise in 976).) viscosity which may cause the stirrer to halt K/S = (1-R) 2/2R down. Where K and S are the absorption and scattering 6. Keep stirring for 6 hours (overnight) and coefficient respectively, and R and 2R are the every hour put a portion of the chitosan to decimal fractions of the reflectance of the printed avoid rapid rise in viscosity. and unprinted fabrics, respectively. A smaller 7. After that put 10 grams of citric acid and stir (k/S) value represent of a higher resist-printing for 15 minutes. effect. Constituent Parts Dye resist effectiveness (RE) of each studded Resist agent paste X = (0.4%, 0.8%, factors was quantified by calculating the 1.2%, 1.6%, 2%) difference between values from the reflectance Citric acid Y = (5%, 10%, 20%, values (K/S) of the areas printed with resisting 30%, 40%) pasts and unprinted ground (Haarer J., & Hocker Acetic acid 2 H., (1994) New Reactive Auxiliaries for the Dye- Glycerin 5 Resist Treatment of Wool: Part II. textile Res. J. Isopropyl alcohol 5 64(10), 578-583). water Z The antibacterial activity against Gram positive Total 100 (G+ve, S.aureus) and Gram negative (G-ve, E. 2.4.2. Preparation of Reactive Printing Paste coli) pathogenic bacteria was qualitatively Reactive Dye Printing Recipe following blew: determined according to AATCC test method Constituent g/Kg (147-1988) expressed as zone of growth inhibition (ZI, mm). Reactive dye 25 Thickener 350 Urea 250 Sodium carbonates 15 water 410 Total 1000 3. Results and Discussion 2.4.3. Printing procedure This study focused on demonstrates upgrading the All printing recipes (resist or reactive) were antibacterial activity and white resist printing for applied to fabric via flat screen printing technique viscose fabrics in one step. Chitosan was used as to determine the optimum recipe for white resist the eco-friendly physical by its shelf and chemical printing. The resist printing recipe were applied resist-printing agent in acidic medium. first then dried at 100 ˚c for 4 minutes, then Physical resist printing agents is used firstly to printed by reactive dye using manual flat screen prevent permeation of dyes (to make them water- printing method. The printed fabric is then fixed repellant), whereas chemical resist printing agents by steaming at 102 ˚c for 10 minutes. An is conducive for: (1) dye dissolution (oxidative or additional resist-printing paste, with a constant