See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304851598 Perception of Ethnic Groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina Chapter · January 2013 DOI: 10.1057/9781137346957_8 CITATIONS READS 0 36 2 authors: Danijela Majstorovic Vladimir Turjačanin University of Banja Luka University of Banja Luka 23 PUBLICATIONS 112 CITATIONS 39 PUBLICATIONS 128 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: From inclusive identities to inclusive societies: Exploring the complexity of social identity in Western Balkans View project From Inclusive Identities to Inclusive Societies: Exploring Complex Social Identity in the Western Balkans http://sibyouth.org/en/ View project All content following this page was uploaded by Vladimir Turjačanin on 15 August 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Youth Ethnic and National Identity in Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Science Approaches Danijela Majstorovic´ and Vladimir Turjacaninˇ University of Banja Luka, Bosnia-Herzegovina copy preprint [email protected] © Danijela Majstorovi´c and Vladimir Turjacaninˇ 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-34694-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. copy ISBN 978-1-349-46717-4 ISBN 978-1-137-34695-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137346957 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. preprint [email protected] To our students, citizens, ethnicities and peoples, both constituent and non-constituent, those who are not afraid, who love themselves and others, who know about the past, live in the present and look ahead to the future copy preprint [email protected] This page intentionally left blank copy preprint [email protected] Contents List of Tables and Figures viii Preface and Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 Part I Ethnicity in Theory 1 Troubles with Ethnicity: Theoretical Considerations and Contextual Background 11 2 Interdisciplinary Study and Conceptualization of Ethnic Identity: Socio-psychological and Discourse Analytical Approaches 30 3 Measuring Ethnic Identity: Methods and Samplescopy52 Part II Ethnicity and Identity in Qualitative Focus 4 Ethnic and National Identity and Ethnic Nationalism in the Public Sphere in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Case of Major Print Media 65 5 More Than Blood and Soil? Ethnic and National Discourses of Youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina 87 Part III Social Identity and Interethnic Relations 6 Forms and Salience of Ethnic Identities in Bosnia and Herzegovina 133 7 Perception of Ethnic Groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina 166 8 Socio-psychological Characteristics of the Ethnic Distances in Youthpreprint in Bosnia and Herzegovina 190 9 Wrapping It All Up 210 Notes 224 Reference 230 Index 243 vii [email protected] Tables and Figures Tables 4.1 Examples of reporting within the ethnic frame with distinctive political strategies of the positive representation of self and negative representations of others (Chilton, 2004; Wodak et al., 2009), and a specific strategy characterized as a hybrid between the two, which is the ‘reaction to the negative representation of Us by Them, a subset of the strategy of negative representation of the Other’83 5.1 What does B&H represent for you? 91 6.1 To what extent are the following forms of attachments important for you? 138 6.2 Intercorrelations between forms of attachments 139 6.3 Ethnic and religious self-identification 141 6.4 Ethnic and linguistic identification 141 6.5 Parents’ ethnicity (respondents’ report) 142 6.6 The initial occurrence of the sense of belongingcopy143 6.7 Ideas on ‘entering’ a certain ethnic group 143 6.8 Possibility of changing ethnic categorization 144 6.9 Possibility of multiple ethno-national identifications 145 6.10 The origin of Bosniaks in B&H 146 6.11 The origin of Croats in B&H 146 6.12 The origin of Serbs in B&H 147 6.13 Characteristics valued as the traits of one’s people 148 6.14 Percentage of people agreeing with the items in the ethno-national attachment scale 151 6.15 Average values related to the factors of nationalism, a-nationalism and multiple attachment 154 6.16 Average values on the scale of religiosity 155 6.17 Intercorrelations between religiosity and forms of national attachment 155 6.18 Correlations of attachment to the state and forms ofpreprint ethno-national attachment 156 7.1 Composite stereotypes 178 7.2 Optimal models of prediction on composite stereotype of Bosniaks 179 7.3 Optimal models of prediction on composite stereotype of Croats 181 viii [email protected] List of Tables and Figures ix 7.4 Optimal models of prediction on composite stereotypes of Serbs 182 7.5 Attributes most frequently ascribed to one’s own and other ethnic groups 185 8.1 Acceptance of relations with Bosniaks 197 8.2 Acceptance of relations with Croats 197 8.3 Acceptance of relations with Serbs 198 8.4 Total acceptance of relations 200 8.5 Model prediction with R and F coefficients 201 8.6 Regression coefficients 201 8.7 Correlations of nationalism and religiousness with the acceptance of relations 202 8.8 Time-related changes in distance 203 Figures 4.1 Distribution of the ethnic, entity, national and mixed frames in five B&H newspapers 75 4.2 National frame in articles concerning politics, economy and society 75 4.3 Mixed national framework in articles concerningcopy politics, economy and society 78 4.4 Entity frame in articles concerning politics, economy and society 80 4.5 Ethnic frame in articles concerning politics, economy and society 82 7.1 Salience of attributes related to the stereotype of Bosniaks 174 7.2 Salience of attributes related to the stereotype of Croats 175 7.3 Salience of attributes related to the stereotype of Serbs 176 8.1 Mutual acceptance of relations among Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs 199 preprint [email protected] Preface and Acknowledgments Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), a country situated somewhere between the land of a dark vilayet and a multi-cultural oasis, inhabited by those who live there because they love it and those who have no other choice but to live there, abounds in good people and unfortunate circumstances. Living in B&H, we daily encounter a specific social context in which ethnicity and politics intertwine to the extent that we can no longer clearly identify the boundaries of the two phenomena. As people living in such a society, we are inspired by everyday political affairs, discussions about ethnicity and interpersonal relations shaped by the ethnic and political. As members of the academic community, we are fascinated by the fact that others write more about us than we do. What kind of society is this, and who are the people that constitute it? How do people experience ethnicity, how do they represent it in public and personal domains and how does it affect their rela- tionships with others? With no ambitions to provide the ‘ultimate answers’ to these questions, but with a strong desire to shed some light on these phenomena from the inside, in the way we experiencecopy them, we have under- taken a multi-method study of the social construction of the ethnic and national in our society. We hope the book will be an interesting read for the academic community as well as the wider community. We would like to thank those who have helped this book see the light of day, most of all the Regional Research Promotion Programme in the Western Balkans (RRPP) for operational and financial support, especially Andela¯ Lalovic.´ Furthermore, many thanks go to the tireless Professor Ruth Wodak for her optimism and assistance with the publication; without her energy and ideas the entire book would have been far less interesting. We are deeply grateful to Maja Mandic´ for her commitment, effort, analytical rea- soning and detailed observations in research, and we thank Siniša Lakicfor´ his assistance with statistical data analysis. We thank Eric Gordy, Stef Jansen and Siniša Maleševic,´ academics and scholars with great theoretical knowl- edge of and insight into local context, who have read our text at different stages and helped us sharpen our ideas. Many thanks go to Asim Mujkic´ and Jasmina Husanovic,´ whose chapters appeared in the first version of the book inpreprint Serbo-Croatian.