University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2010 The English Reformation In Image And Print: Cultural Continuity, Disruptions, And Communications In Tudor Art Jessica Hoeschen University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Hoeschen, Jessica, "The English Reformation In Image And Print: Cultural Continuity, Disruptions, And Communications In Tudor Art" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4353. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4353 THE ENGLISH REFORMATION IN IMAGE AND PRINT: CULTURAL CONTINUITY, DISRUPTIONS, AND COMMUNICATIONS IN TUDOR ART by JESSICA LYNN HOESCHEN B.A. University of Central Florida, 2007 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, FL Spring Term 2010 © 2010 Jessica L. Hoeschen ii ABSTRACT In the sixteenth century, Martin Luther‟s Protestant Reformation generated multiple reform movements and political transformations in Europe. Within this general period of reform, political and cultural changes from the Tudor era (1485-1603) created a separate English Reformation. The English Reformation evolved from the different agendas of the early Tudor monarchs and occurred in two distinct waves: an initial, more moderate Henrician Reformation and a later, more complete Edwardian Reformation. Henry VIII and Edward VI‟s attempts to redefine monarchy through a new State and Church identity drove English church reform during this period, giving these religious shifts distinct political roots. Cultural artifacts were prominent indicators of these differing political goals, and Henry VIII and Edward VI adjusted and removed images and texts according to their propaganda methods. These royal manipulations of culture are well-documented, but historians have overlooked important components in the communication process. Lay responses to imagery changes ranging from compliance to rebellion demonstrate the complex relationship of images, monarchy, and reform. Examining images‟ function as propaganda with questions of intent, reception, and comprehension in royal communication is imperative for assessing the impact of royal messages on Tudor culture. Analyzing Tudor art as a form of political communication that disseminated idealized political representation reveals a strong visual discourse between the King and the English people. Images held key powers within royal discourse to create and disseminate propaganda of a kingship. iii This thesis is lovingly dedicated to my husband, Greg Hoeschen, and my parents, Jan and Dale Koger. Greg, your love and faith in me enabled this thesis to find its way and empowered me to become a better historian and person. Mom and Dad, your love and support are invaluable. This thesis is also dedicated in loving memory of my Grandma. Thanks to all of you because without love and family history would not be worth writing. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Peter Larson of the UCF History Department for his insightful contributions. I would also like to thank my additional thesis panel members Dr. Amelia Lyons and Dr. Spencer Downing. The aid of these professors allowed this thesis to mature and reach its full potential. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCING THE TUDOR DYNASTY AND THE ENGLISH REFORMATION ............................................................................................................................ 1 Reformation Origins: Martin Luther, the Catholic Church, and England .................................. 2 Martin Luther and European Reform ...................................................................................... 2 Henry VIII and Rome: The beginning of English Reformation politics ................................ 4 Tudor Culture and Society: The impact of the Reformation .................................................. 6 Historiography ............................................................................................................................ 9 Tudor Society .......................................................................................................................... 9 Intent and Propaganda........................................................................................................... 10 Reception .............................................................................................................................. 13 Research Questions and Methodology...................................................................................... 17 Terminology .......................................................................................................................... 17 A Cultural Approach: Sources and methods ......................................................................... 23 Addressing Tudor Art and Print: Individual and collective examinations ........................... 24 Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER TWO: ART AND POLITICS IN THE REIGN OF HENRY VIII ............................ 29 Catholic Traditions: The early Henrician period, 1509-1529 ................................................... 32 vi Church and Society ............................................................................................................... 32 Early Henrician Imagery ....................................................................................................... 33 Images, Text, and Society: Reception of visual and print communication .......................... 36 Comprehension, Intent, and Propaganda: Tudor visual communication .............................. 37 Henry VIII and English Reform, 1529 – 1547 ......................................................................... 45 Political and Visual Language of Change: Cultural continuity and disruption .................... 45 Threads of Cultural Continuity ......................................................................................... 49 Religious and Social Fashion Appropriation .................................................................... 51 Transitions: New power and new modes of representation .............................................. 54 Removal and Replacement ............................................................................................... 57 New Identities in Imagery: Bible engravings and portraiture ................................................... 61 Conclusions: The death of Henry VIII and the birth of Edwardian England ........................... 65 CHAPTER THREE: RELIGIOUS REFORM AND THE ROYAL REPRESENTATION OF EDWARD VI ................................................................................................................................ 66 Introduction: The new reform of Edward VI ............................................................................ 66 Edward VI: Questions surrounding representations of the young king and his court .............. 69 Edward in Art: Continuity and change ................................................................................. 75 Edwardian Texts: Writing the kingship ................................................................................ 82 Conclusion: Edward VI and creating identity through cultural communication ...................... 86 vii CONCLUSION: POWER THROUGH TUDOR ART ................................................................ 88 Elizabeth I: The last Tudor ....................................................................................................... 88 Tudor Propaganda and Communication: Intent and reception ................................................. 89 Intent ..................................................................................................................................... 89 Reception .............................................................................................................................. 95 The Tudors and Art: Painting the monarchy........................................................................... 100 Conclusion: Image, text, and the Tudor dynasty .................................................................... 105 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 107 Primary Sources ...................................................................................................................... 107 Books of Hours and Primers ............................................................................................... 107 Additional Printed Works and Engravings ......................................................................... 112 Images ................................................................................................................................. 119 Secondary ...............................................................................................................................