Appendix I: Biographical and American Notes Liberal leaders Bright, John (1811–89): MP 1843–89; President of the Board of Trade, 1868–70; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1873–74 and 1880–82; supported the North during the Civil War. Primary American interest: free trade vs. protection. American friends: C. Sumner, Emerson, J. Motley, and J. Lowell. Bryce, James (1838–1922): MP 1880–1906; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1892–94; President of the Board of Trade, 1894–95; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1905–06; Ambassador to US, 1907–13; The American Commonwealth (1888); regular contributions to the Nation; many other American articles, diaries of American visits, 1870, 1881, 1883 (Papers). Visited US 1870, 1881, 1883, 1889–90, 1891, 1901, 1904, and 1907–13. Many American friends. Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914): Birmingham municipal leader; Liberal MP 1876–86; Unionist MP 1886–1914; President of the Board of Trade, 1880–85; President of the Local Government Board, 1886; Colonial Secretary, 1895–1903; second wife, the American Miss Endicott (1888); articles on American politics and cities; diary of American visit, 1887–88 (Papers). Visited US 1887–88, 1888, 1890, and 1896. American friends: Henry White, Endicott family, and various others. Childers, H. C. E. (1827–96): MP 1860–92; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1868–71; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1872–73; Secretary of State for War, 1880–82; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1882–85; Home Secretary, 1886; American business interests. Visited US 1859, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877. Dilke, Sir Charles W. (1843–1911): MP 1868–86, 1892–1911; Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office, 1880–82; President of the Local Government Board, 1882–85; Greater Britain (1868); Problems of Greater Britain (1890); expert on imperial affairs. Visited US 1866–67, 1875, & 1904. American friends: K. Field, M. Twain, H. James, J. Lowell, and G. Smalley. Forster, William E. (1818–86): MP 1861–86; Vice-President of the Council, 1868–74; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1880–82; supported North in the Civil War. Visited US 1874. American friends: E. Yarnell, C. Adams, and C. Sumner. Fowler, Henry H. (1830–1911): MP 1880–1908; President of the Local Government Board, 1892–94; Secretary of State for India, 1894–95; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1905–08; Lord President of the Council, 1908–10. Primary American interests: bimetallism and protectionism. 265 266 British Liberalism and the United States Gladstone, William E. (1809–98): MP 1833–45 and 1847–95; Prime Minister, 1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, 1892–94; American articles for NAR and YC, 1878–98. Primary American interests: protectionism and social questions. Wide range of contacts with American leaders of politics, society, religion, and literature. Granville, Earl (2nd) (1815–91): Foreign Secretary, 1851–52, 1870–74, 1880–85; Colonial Secretary; 1868–70, 1886. American interests confined to diplomatic questions. American friends: J. Motley and J. Lowell. Harcourt, William Vernon (1827–1904): MP 1868–1904; Solicitor General 1873–74; Home Secretary, 1880–85; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1886, 1892–95; wrote ‘Historicus’ articles for The Times, 1863–71; American wife, Miss Motley (1877); authority on American legal and diplomatic matters. American friends: Motley family, J. Lowell, Smalley, Dana family, and H. White. Hartington, Marquess of (1833–1908): Postmaster-General, 1868–70; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1870–74; Secretary of State for India, 1880–82; Secretary of State for War, 1882–85; favored South in Civil War. Few American interests. Visited US 1862. Herschell, Lord (1837–99): MP 1874–85; Solicitor-General, 1880–85; Lord Chancellor, 1886, 1892–95. Visited US 1887 (lecture tour) and 1899 (died in Washington at work on Anglo-American commission). Kimberley, Lord (1826–1902): Lord Privy Seal, 1868–70; Colonial Secretary, 1870–74, 1880–82; Secretary of State for India, 1882–85, 1886, 1892–94; Foreign Secretary, 1894–95. Few American interests. Morley, John (1838–1923): MP 1883–1908; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1886, 1892–95; Secretary for India, 1905–10; editor of the FR 1867–82, PMG 1880–83. Primary American interest in Irish-American affairs. Visited US 1867 and 1904. American friends: A. Carnegie, C. Norton, E. L. Godkin, M. Conway, J. Lowell, and writers. Mundella, A. J. (1825–97): MP 1868–97; Vice-President of Committee of Privy Council for Education, 1880–85; President of the Board of Trade, 1886, 1892–94. Visited US 1870 (studied education). American friends: R. H. Dana Jr, J. Lowell, and H. James. Ripon, Marquess of (1827–1909): Lord President of the Council, 1868–73; Governor-General of India, 1880–84; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1886; Colonial Secretary, 1892–95; Lord Privy Seal, 1905–08. Visited US 1871 (Chairman of British Commission to Washington). Rosebery, Earl (1847–1929): Foreign Secretary, 1886, 1892–94; Prime Minister, 1894–95; Liberal imperialist; diaries of American visits – 1873 and 1874–75 (Papers). Visited US 1873, 1874–75, 1876, and 1883. American friends: S. Ward, Hurlbert, G. Smalley, J. Lowell, H. James, and many others. Selborne, Earl (1812–95): MP as Roundell Palmer, 1861–72; Lord Chancellor, 1872–74, 1880–85; knowledgeable on Anglo-American diplomatic issues. American friends: J. Lowell and G. Smalley. Appendix I 267 Shaw-Lefevre, G. J. (1831–1928): MP 1863–95; Secretary to the Board of Trade, 1868–70; Secretary for the Admiralty, 1871–74; First Commissioner of Works, 1880–83, 1892–94; Postmaster-General, 1883–85; President of the Local Govern- ment Board, 1894–95. Primary American interests were economic and social issues. American friends: J. Lowell, G. Smalley, and E. Atkinson. Spencer, Earl (1835–1910): Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1868–74, 1882–85; President of the Council, 1880–82, 1886; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1892–95. Primary American interests in Irish–American affairs. Visited US 1857. Trevelyan, George O. (1838–1928): MP 1865–97; Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1868–70; Parliamentary Secretary for the Admiralty, 1881; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1882–84; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1884–85; Secretary for Scotland, 1886, 1892–95; History of the American Revolution, 6 vols (1899–1914). American friends: T. Roosevelt, A. Carnegie, H. Lodge, J. Hay, E. Root, and Adams family. Other Liberals Asquith, Herbert H. (1852–1928): MP 1886–1918; Home Secretary, 1892–95; Liberal imperialist; Chancellor of Exchequer, 1905–08; Prime Minister, 1908–16. Primary American interest before 1898, Irish–American affairs. Bradlaugh, Charles (1833–91): MP 1880–91; free-thinker and secularist; letters on American trips published in National Reformer. Visited US 1873, 1874, and 1875 (three separate lecture tours). American friends: R. G. Ingersoll, W. Garrison, and M. Conway. Caine, William S. (1842–1903): MP 1880–90, 1892–95, 1900–03; Baptist and temperance reformer. Visited US 1875, 1876, 1887–88, 1891, and 1894 (Temperance Congress), 1898. American friends: Neal Dow and other temper- ance leaders. Campbell, George (1824–92): MP 1875–92; authority on the American South and Home Rule. Wrote White and Black. The Outcome of a Visit to the United States (1879). Visited US 1878 and 1887. Courtney, Leonard (1832–1918): MP 1875; Secretary of Treasury, 1882–84; Deputy Speaker, 1886–92; authority on bimetallism; proportional representation movement leader; wrote articles on American finance and politics. Visited US 1866 and 1873. American friends: J. Lowell and A. Carnegie. Cremer, William Randal (1838–1908): Radical MP 1885–95, 1900–08; formed Workmen’s Peace Association, 1871, and Anglo-American arbitration leader; edited the Arbitrator (1889–1908). Visited US 1887, 1895, 1896, and 1904. Goschen, George (1831–1907): MP 1863–85; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1871–74; joined Conservatives in 1887; economic authority; studied American finance; worked in family business in South America, 1854–56. American friends: J. P. Morgan and E. Atkinson. 268 British Liberalism and the United States Grey, Sir Edward (1862–1933): MP 1885–1916; Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, 1894–95; authority on Anglo-American relations (1898–1916). American friends: T. Roosevelt and others. Labouchere, Henry (1831–1912): MP 1880–1906; supporter of radical causes; journalist; editor of the weekly Truth; letters to Daily News on America, 1870–71; wanted to become British Ambassador to America. Visited US 1852–55 (espe- cially the West). American friends: S. Ward, W. Hurlbert, and J. Whistler. Morley, Arnold (1849–1916): MP 1880–95; Chief Whip, 1886–92; Postmaster-General, 1892–95. Visited US 1872 and 1881. Munro-Ferguson, Ronald (1860–1934): MP 1884–1914; Liberal imperia- list; private secretary to Rosebery at the Foreign Office, 1886, 1892–94; stayed closely in touch on American events through Spring-Rice. Visited US 1887. Playfair, Sir Lyon (1819–98): MP 1868–92; Postmaster-General, 1873–74; Vice-President of the Council, 1886; distinguished scientist; American wife, Miss Russell (1878); many articles on American protectionism, finance, and politics; visited US almost every year after his marriage. Visited US 1877, 1818, 1879–86, 1887 (British representative at the Philadelphia Centennial), and 1888–98. American friends: mostly Bostonian literary personalities, J. Lowell, H. Longfellow, W. Holmes, and R. W. Emerson. Rathbone, William (1819–1902): MP 1868–95; member of a great Liverpool mercantile family; philanthropist; interested in educational and social issues; first wife American, Miss Wainwright (d. 1851). Visited US 1841–42, 1843, and 1848–49. American friends: J. M. Forbes, J. R. Bush, and E. Burnett. Russell, Sir Charles (1832–1900): MP 1880–85, 1886, 1892; Lord Chief Justice, 1894–1900; Visited US 1883 and 1896 (lecture tour). American friends: E. Godkin, H. Villard, and W. Evarts. Smith, Samuel (1836–1906): MP 1882–1905; Liverpool businessman and phil- anthropist; bimetallist. Visited US 1860, 1866, 1896, and 1899 (Pan-Presbyterian Congress in Washington). American friends: H. George, C. Moody, and I.