University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Entomology Entomology 2015 TAXONOMIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN CLERIDAE AND HEMIPTERA John Moeller Leavengood Jr. University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Leavengood, John Moeller Jr., "TAXONOMIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN CLERIDAE AND HEMIPTERA" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Entomology. 18. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/18 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Entomology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. John Moeller Leavengood Jr., Student Dr. Michael J. Sharkey, Major Professor Dr. Charles W. Fox, Director of Graduate Studies TAXONOMIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN CLERIDAE AND HEMIPTERA DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By John Moeller Leavengood, Jr. Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Michael J. Sharkey, Professor of Entomology Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright © John Moeller Leavengood, Jr. 2015 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION TAXONOMIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN CLERIDAE AND HEMIPTERA Taxonomic changes are made based on checkered beetle (Coleoptera: Cleridae) types of the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). Lectotypes are designated (and holotypes and paralectotypes recognized) for 44 species of Hydnocerinae, including the type species for Isolemidia, Parmius, Paupris, Allelidea, Blaesiopthalmus and Lemidia, four species of Enoclerus (Clerinae), and 14 species of Cymatodera (Tillinae). Annotations include comments on additional type material, new type locality, previous (type series) locality, and questionable or missing types. Phyllobaenus pallipes (Gorham) and P. rufithorax (Gorham) are synonymized with P. flavifemoratus (Gorham), P. chapini (Wolcott) is synonymized under P. lateralis (Gorham), and P. villosus (Schenkling) is synonymized under P. longus (LeConte), new synonymies. The first molecular phylogeny of the clerid lineage (Coleoptera: Cleridae, Thanerocleridae) is presented and compared with the two most recent phylogenetic hypotheses of the group. Phylogenetic relationships of checkered beetles wareere inferred from approximately 5,000 nucleotides amplified from four loci (28S, 16S, 12S, COI). A worldwide sample of ~70 genera is included and phylogenies are reconstructed using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood. The results are not entirely congruent with either of the current classification systems. Three major lineages are recognized. Tillinae are supported as the sister group to all other subfamilies, whereas Thaneroclerinae, Korynetinae sensu latu and a new subfamily formally described here, Epiclininae, new subfamily, form a sister group to Clerinae + Hydnocerinae. To assess the phylogeny and evolution of Hemiptera, a comprehensive mitogenomic analysis integrating mitogenome-based molecular phylogenetics, fossil- calibrated divergence dating (using BEAST), and ancestral state reconstructions are presented. The 81 sampled mitogenomes represent the most extensive mitogenomic analyses of Hemiptera to date. The putatively primitive “Homoptera” was previously rendered paraphyletic by Heteroptera, whereas the presented results support each group as monophyletic. The results from both diet and habitat ancestral state reconstructions support that 1) Heteroptera (and Homoptera) evolved from a phytophagous ancestor, contrary to the popular hypothesis that the ancestor was predaceous; and 2) family-level radiation of Heteroptera is coincident with the apically-produced labium and the novel hemelytron. It is here proposed these morphological innovations facilitated multiple independent shifts from phytophagy to predation and multiple independent colonizations of aquatic habitats. KEYWORDS: Cleridae, molecular systematics, Hemiptera phylogeny, mitochondrial genome, evolution of true bugs John Moeller Leavengood, Jr Student’s Signature July 22, 2015 Date TAXONOMIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN CLERIDAE AND HEMIPTERA By John Moeller Leavengood, Jr. Dr. Michael J. Sharkey Director of Dissertation Dr. Charles W. Fox Director of Graduate Studies July 22, 2015 This dissertation is dedicated to my father, John Moeller Leavengood (Sr.), who has always supported me through my struggles to find my passion…which led me here. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My academic career has seen more than its share of peaks and valleys. The support of many ushered me to change majors from accounting to entomology 14 years ago. Among them were Dr. Don Hall, Dr. John Strayer and Dr. Paul “Skip” Choate, Jr. But after completing to a Master’s Degree at the University of Florida I found myself most disenfranchised with academia andsought greener pastures only to return years later to advance to my doctoral studies. Throughout that journey my father’s support was unflagging. Without him, I wouldn’t have made the leap of faith back into the arms of science. I must also thank my advisor, Dr. Michael Sharkey. He managed to mold a persuasive writer from a persuasive speaker and remained forever patient by my wandering interests which unerringly pulled me away from my dissertation work. I was encouraged to pursue every opportunity and more often than not, I was successful. Dr. Eric Chapman, however, was a most unlikely ally in my graduate studies, and he became a close friend in the process. It seems that over the course of our five years spent down the hall, then across the hall and finally in the same lab, we continually challenged each other to question more, read more, analyze more, and write thoughtfully. I must also thank Stephanie Clutts (former lab technician) for teaching me techniques for PCR, stacking macrophotography and sequence assembly, Kacie Athey (former lab member; graduated) for holding my hand through all basic endeavors technological regarding my computer and software, and Erika Tucker (lab member) for teaching me useful tricks in PhotoShop and Micrsoft PowerPoint. Many had a hand in pushing me along my journey—most of them going unnamed as there are far too many. But to them all, I am grateful. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................vi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................vii Chapter One: Introduction ...............................................................................................1 Chapter Two: Taxonomic changes and notes based on the checkered beetle (Coleoptera: Cleridae) types of the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................4 2.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................6 2.3 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................8 2.3.1 Subfamily HYDNOCERINAE .......................................................8 2.3.2 Subfamily CLERINAE ...................................................................33 2.3.3 Subfamily TILLINAE .....................................................................36 Chapter Three: A molecular phylogeny of the checkered beetles and a description of Epiclininae subfam. nov. (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae) 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................55 3.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................57