Notes Introduction 1. M. Wight, Power Politics (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1978), p. 113. 2. R. Cohen, "Putting Diplomatic Studies on the Map," Diplomatic Studies Programme Newsletter, Leicester University, 4 May 1998. 3. ]. DerDerian, "Mediating Estrangement: A Theory for Diplomacy," Review of International Studies, 13 (1987) 91. 4. S. Sofer, "Old and New Diplomacy: A Debate Revisited/' Review ofInternational Studies, 14 (1988) 196. 5. Ibid. 6. A. Eban, The New Diplomacy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983), pp. 384-5. 7. B.H. Steiner, "Another Missing Middle: Diplomacy and International Theory," paper delivered to the 41st Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Los Angeles, 15-18 March 2000, p. 1. 8. Sofer, "Old and New Diplomacy," p. 196. 9. Cf. S. Goddard, "Talk Is Not Cheap: The Rhetoric of Strategic Interaction," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 2-5 September 2004. 10. L.B. Poullada, "Diplomacy: The Missing Link in the Study of International Politics," in D.S. McLellan, W.C. Olson and F.A. Sondermann (eds), The Theory and Practice of International Relations, 4th edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 197 4); cf. Steiner, "Another Missing Middle." 11. Eban, The New Diplomacy, p. 366. 12. ].W. Burton, Systems, States, Diplomacy and Rules (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 206. 13. E. Satow, Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice, 5th edn, ed. Lord Gore-Booth (London and New York: Longman, 1979), p. 3. 14. Quoted in Eban, The New Diplomacy, p. 331. 15. C.W. Hayward, What Is Diplomacy? (London: Grant Richards, 1916), p. 255. 16. Sofer, "Old and New Diplomacy," p. 196. 17. B. Hocking, "The End(s) of Diplomacy," International Journal, 53 (1997) 169. 18. A.F. Cooper, "Beyond Representation," International Journal, 53 (1997) 174. 19. A. ]ames, "Diplomacy and International Society," International Relations, 6 (1980) 933; K. Hamilton and R. Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 232; B. Hocking, "Catalytic Diplomacy: Beyond 'Newness' and 'Decline/ " in ]. Melissen (ed.), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (London: Macmillan, 1999), p. 23. 20. R. Langhorne, "Current Developments in Diplomacy: Who Are the Diplomats Now?" Diplomacy and Statecraft, 8 (1997) 13. 21. P. Sharp, "For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations," International Studies Review, 1 (1999) 51. 168 Notes 169 22. For useful overviews, see, for example, F.C. Ikle, How Nations Negotiate (New York: Praeger, 1964); P.T. Hopmann, The Negotiation Process and the Resolution of International Conflicts (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1996); B. Starkey, M.A. Boyer and]. Wilkenfeld, Negotiating a Complex World: An Introduction to International Negotiation (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); C. Jonsson, "Diplomacy, Bargaining and Negotiation," in W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse and B.A. Simmons (eds), Handbook ofInternational Relations (London: Sage, 2002). 23. G.T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), p. 4. 24. A Dictionary of Philosophy (London: Pan Books, 1979), p. 112. 1 The Study of Diplomacy 1. Cf. ].S. Levy, "Explaining Events and Developing Theories: History, Political Science, and the Analysis of International Relations," in C. Elman and M.F. Elman (eds), Bridges and Boundaries: Historians, Political Scientists, and the Study of International Relations (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001); ].S. Levy, "Too Important to Leave to the Other: History and Political Science in the Study of International Relations," International Security, 22 (1997) 22-33. 2. ].A. Lynn, "Reflections on the History and Theory of Military Innovation and Diffusion," in Elman and Elman (eds), Bridges and Boundaries, p. 363. 3. C. Elman and M.F. Elman, "Introduction: Negotiating International History and Politics," in Elman and Elman (eds), Bridges and Boundaries, p. 16. 4. See K. Nag, Theories of Diplomacy in Kautilya's Arthasastra (Calcutta: Writers Workshop Publications, 1997); B. Mukherjee, Kautilya's Concept ofDiplomacy: A New Interpretation (Calcutta: Minerva, 1976). 5. See G. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955), pp. 28-30. 6. Ibid., p. 211. 7. M. Keens-Soper, "Wicquefort," in G.R. Berridge, M. Keens-Soper and T.G. Otte, Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 88. 8. M. Keens-Soper, "Callieres," in ibid., pp. 106-7. 9. H. Nicolson, Diplomacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939); H. Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method (London: Constable, 1954; reprinted by the Diplomatic Studies Programme, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester, 1998); Satow, Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice. 10. H. Bull, The Anarchic Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan, 1977), p. 182. 11. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 39. 12. Cf. Berridge, Keens-Soper and Otte, Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger. 13. K. Hamilton and R. Langhorne, The Practice ofDiplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 89. 14. S. Haber, D.M. Kennedy and S.D. Krasner, "Brothers Under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations," International Security, 22 (1997) 34-43. 170 Notes 15. M. Hunt, "The Long Crisis in U.S. Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure," Diplomatic History, 16 (1992) 115-16. 16. E. Ingram, "Hegemony, Global Reach, and World Power: Great Britain's Long Cycle," in Elman and Elman (eds), Bridges and Boundaries, p. 228. 17. G.P. Lauren, "Diplomacy: History, Theory, and Policy," in G.P. Lauren (ed.), Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (New York: Free Press, 1979), p. 4. 18. Levy, "Too Important to Leave to the Other," p. 33. 19. Haber et al., "Brothers Under the Skin," p. 40. 20. ].M. Munn-Rankin, "Diplomacy in Western Asia in the Early Second Millennium Be," Iraq, XVIII, pt 1 (1956) 68-110. 21. W.L. Moran (ed. and trans.), The Amama Letters (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds), A marna Diplomacy: The Beginning ofInternational Relations (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); M. Liverani, International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600-1100 Be (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001). 22. G. Beckman, Hittite Diplomatic Texts (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996). 23. For Ancient Chinese diplomacy, see, for example, R.L. Walker, The Multi-State System of Ancient China (Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1953); R. Britton, "Chinese Interstate Intercourse before 700 Be," in C. JOnsson and R. Langhorne (eds), Diplomacy, Volume II (London: Sage, 2004). For Ancient Indian diplomacy, see, for example, G.]. Roy, Diplomacy in Ancient India (New Delhi: Janaki Prakashan, 1981); Nag, Theories of Diplomacy in Kautilya's Arthasastra. For diplomacy among the Greek city-states, see, for example, F. E. Adcock and]. Mosley, Diplomacy in Ancient Greece (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975); J.D. Mosley, "Envoys and Diplomacy in Ancient Greece," Historia: Zeitschrift fiir alte Geschichte, Einzelschriften, Heft 22 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1973); C.P. Jones, Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). 24. R. Cohen, "Reflections on the New Global Diplomacy: Statecraft 2500 BC to 2000 AD," in Melissen (ed.), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice, pp. 10-11; A. Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue Between States (London: Eyre Methuen, 1982), pp. 89-92. 25. Nicolson, The Evolution of Diplomatic Method, p. 14. 26. B. Campbell, "Diplomacy in the Roman World (c. 500 BC-AD 235)," Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12 (2001) 1. 27. Hamilton and Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy, p. 13. 28. See, for example, ibid., pp. 14-16;]. Shepard and S. Franklin (eds), Byzantine Diplomacy (Aldershot: Variorum, 1992); D. Obolensky, "The Principles and Methods of Byzantine Diplomacy," in Jonsson and Langhorne (eds), Diplomacy, Volume II;]. Shepard, "Information, Disinformation and Delay in Byzantine Diplomacy," in ibid. 29. See Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy; D.E. Queller, The Office of the Ambassador in the Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967). 30. B. Hocking, "Catalytic Diplomacy: Beyond 'Newness' and 'Decline,' " in ]. Melissen (ed.), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (London: Macmillan, 1999). 31. R. Numelin, The Beginnings ofDiplomacy: A Sociological Study ofInter-tribal and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 14. Notes 171 32. See, for example, W.R. Jacobs, "Wampum: The Protocol of Indian Diplomacy," William and Mary Quarterly, 6 (1949) 596-604; F. Jennings et a/. (eds), The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1985); D. Flores, "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850," Journal of American History, 78 (1991) 465-85; ].A. Brandao and W.A. Starna, "The Treaties of 1701: A Triumph of Iroquois Diplomacy," Ethnohistory, 43 (1996) 209-44. 33. See, for example, R. Smith, "Peace and Palaver: International Relations in Pre-Colonial West Africa," Journal of African History, 14 (1973) 599-621; G.W. Irwin, "Precolonial African Diplomacy: The Example of Asante," International Journal of African Historical Studies, 8 (1975) 81-96; R. Reid, "Mutesa and Mirambo: Thoughts on East African Warfare and Diplomacy