Topic Summary How did the Norman Conquest effect the English Church? 1. Before the Norman Conquest, the The rich often left land to William was driven by his People listened William had made a Church in England was quite isolated Largest single the Church in their will in personal beliefs. He to the priests promise to the Pope that he from developments in mainland landowner in the hope of going to believed he was the about how to would reform the Church England Heaven when they died. rightful heir and acted Europe. William I believed the live their lives in England. English Church was corrupt and according to God’s will. Everyone had to William also recognized that the promised to reform it. This was the William pay a tithe to Church could be a serious challenge to reason he had secured the support of Religious used religion Why did William Wealth and the Church – his control over the country due to its leaders were as to show want to reform the the Pope prior to his invasion. Power of the one tenth. wealth and power. 2. Once William I had control over powerful as legitimacy. Church? kings Church England, he appointed Archbishop Lanfranc to ensure his reforms were William wanted to bring the Special taxes at People were taxed William believed that the English Church Religion was a English Church into line with carried out. He replaced the Anglo- certain times of when they died and was corrupt. The former Archbishop of matter of life Europe and the reform Saxon Archbishop Stigand whose year – ‘Easter had to pay surplice Canterbury, Stigand, reflected this. Stigand and death movement from Rome corrupt practices were well known. Dues’ fees to the priest to was mainly concerned with his own perform ceremonies personal wealth and ignored the reform William had refused to let Stigand as 3. Simony – positions e.g. marriages, movement spreading from Rome. Archbishop of Canterbury to crown Every Anglo- Able to do this as baptisms and funerals in the Church were him at his coronation, instead getting Saxon cathedral England was a 1. Marriage 2. Pluralism – sold to the highest the Archbishop of York (Ealdred) to was knocked wealthy country amongst the members of clergy price rather than the down and rebuilt Showed that God carry out the ceremony in his place. clergy - with more than one most deserving favoured the new ended position - ended candidates- ended (This caused a later issue between Norman rule Archbishops Lanfranc and Thomas) Rebuilt Cathedrals 4. Nepotism – positions were given to The Criticisms friends or relatives rather than the most 3. The Church was re-organized and in Romanesque Church Displayed suitable candidates -ended became more centralized with the style rebuilding Norman power Norman creation of archdeaconries and programme and prestige Church Synods = ecclesiastical / How did William deaneries. Thick walls, round church councils At Ely a new Romanesque-style church = symbol reform the Church? 4. William I replaced Anglo-Saxon arches and large A more of Norman power after rebellion (Hereward the - Lanfranc’s Met twice bishops and abbots with Normans. towers centralised Synods Wake) Reforms a year 5. A huge building programme took system place. Anglo-Saxon cathedrals were Spiritual offences e.g. Moral offences Church Courts A hierarchy where Bishops Helped spread replaced with new and grander blaspheming and e.g. adultery and could be more each person was A new church improved their the message of buildings which were Romanesque in failure to attend incest also tried lenient than answerable to the hierarchy authority over reform church tried in in Church Courts secular courts e.g. level above created their diocese style. Church Courts. pilgrimage rather 6. New cathedrals were located in larger than execution Not shown in Bishops Bishops used towns and cities e.g. Winchester, Ely, Council of diagram = Pope in controlled a cathedrals as centre Winchester in 1076 Church and Rome at top of diocese for administration London, Bury St Edmunds and established Church Number of village Law Courts hierarchy and (administrative Norwich. They were much larger than Courts churches doubled Archbishop most area) Cathedrals anything built by the Anglo-Saxons. after the Conquest Clergy Lanfranc important position moved to areas of 7. Significant reform was pushed (churchmen) to be believed in England These changes high population secular courts through by Church councils (synods). tried in Bishop’s Developing helped to courts (synods) did not have All bishops This included attacks in simony and parishes and the centralise the and not in lay the authority to had to After the Norman marriage amongst the clergy. role of the priest Church courts (secular / put the clergy appoint Conquest Bishops 8. Church law courts (also known as non-religious on trial archdeacons were made to move ecclesiastical courts) were established courts) to more important Over 2,000 village The number of Archdeaconries – covered towns e.g. Leofric to try the clergy. Also any spiritual or churches were parish priests William I and Lanfranc had a good same land as shire moved from moral offences could be tried in a recorded in increased personal relationship which meant Deaneries – same boundaries Crediton to Exeter church court. there was no power struggle Domesday Survey as the hundreds Topic Summary How did the relationship between Church and State change over time? 1. There was huge cross over between Gregory demanded that William swear oath of Church and State. All three Norman Both the Pope and William wanted to reform Pope gave papal 1. Key conflict between Pope the English Church banner to bless fealty to him – William refused. He did not want kings appointed people from within Gregory and Rufus was William’s invasion the Pope to interfere with his rights as king. their royal household to key posts in appointing Church leaders Although in agreement with Pope Declining the Church. Under Henry I every Alexander in wanting to remove Pope Gregory relationships between new bishop had previously been a corrupt practices, William’s main VII 2. Pope Gregory wanted to make his Church and State servant of the king. aim in removing certain bishops Pope (1073 onwards) own appointments which brought him 2. Churchmen acted as spiritual was to remove untrustworthy Alexander II into conflict with many rulers in Englishmen from powerful roles (1061-1073) Gregory more radical advisors to the king but also advised and believed that the Europe. He was eventually forced from in the Church. By 1070 only 2 office. on affairs of state. Lanfranc would English bishops remained. Church had more often rule in William I’s absence. William I authority than Kings 3. There was conflict with the Papacy, 3. Pope Gregory was replaced by Pope In Anglo-Saxon England, the Pope had Urban II who agreed not to interfere in who wanted the Church to be more been a remote figure. William’s William did not allow independent. relationship with the Pope was much English Church appointments while Bishops to travel to 4. Relations between the Church and closer than members of the English Rufus was king. However, the Banned marriage for the Rome regularly like Church would have been used to. relationship was hostile. king fluctuated depending on the clergy and condemned the Pope wanted king. But the Church became more Simony likely to challenge the king during 1. PROBLEM = Lay Investiture and homage. Promised to end Rufus’ this period. This was the practice of policy of plundering the William Rufus’ 5. Under William I relations with the kings (lay rulers) giving Church Norman Kings Church were quite good. He out emblems of office (the ring disagreements Normans into most positions of and the staff) to new bishops Henry I and the Church influence. William I had a good when they were consecrated. This implied bishops 4. Conflict with William of St Calais 3. Agreement reached in 1107 relationship with Archbishop depended on kings not the Concordat of London. Henry Lanfranc. Lanfranc ensured that the Pope for their spiritual • William of St. Calais failed to provide had to give up his right to invest power. The Church opposed Rufus with troops to squash a rebellion English Church had some bishops but could still receive the idea of the clergy paying 5. Conflict between Anselm and Rufus in 1088. independent from Rome. homage from them before they homage to secular rulers. • Rufus put him on trial for treason. 6. William II (Rufus) was not a were consecrated. • When Lanfranc died, Rufus did not replace him as • There was a dispute about what court religious man. He had no interest in Archbishop of Canterbury. This was a deliberate ploy to try William in (secular vs. church continuing the reforms of the Church 2. However, many bishops were the king’s tenants-in-chief. If they did by Rufus to make an income from the substantial court). not pay homage it would undermine the king’s authority. Archbishop estates previously held by Lanfranc. which his father had agreed to. • Rufus argued William of St. Calais had Anselm refused to pay homage so was exiled in 1103. Henry was • In 1093, Rufus suffered a serious illness and was lost the right to be tried by a church Rufus was unpopular with the clergy threatened with excommunication. concerned that God was punishing him. He therefore court as he had broken his Oath of because of his morals and because decided to appoint a new archbishop. Fealty to the king. he used the Church to raise money. 6. The Council of Rockingham, 1095 • Rufus appointed Anslem as the Archbishop of • Trail took place in November 1088 in a He was often ruthless in his Canterbury.