Doing Business in Croatia This document describes some of the key commercial and taxation factors that are relevant on setting up a business in Croatia. dfk.com Prepared by iAudit d.o.o. +44 (0)20 7436 6722 2 Doing Business in Croatia Background Business environment in Croatia is Adriatic Sea, and the rural inland region, very favourable for investors. Excellent dominated by agricultural and geographical location enables access to industrial activities. the market of 650 million people and labour force in Croatian is effective, The country’s population of roughly 4.2 motivated and innovative which is million is largely homogenous in ethnicity, recognized by many foreign companies language and religion; but in the summer already operating in Croatia. months its numbers are doubled by tourists from throughout Europe and the world, making it a cosmopolitan market Country overview for products and services. Its ports and transportation infrastructure make Croatia Croatia is a small but complex market. a natural trade gateway into southeast Its geography divides it into two distinct Europe, but its largest trading partners markets - the more affluent and tourism are Italy, Germany, Slovenia and Austria. - oriented costal region along the dfk.com +44 (0)20 7436 6722 Doing Business in Croatia 3 Economic overview Transport infrastructure Croatia entered the European Union (EU) Transport in Croatia relies on several main on July 1, 2013 as the 28th member state. modes, including transport by road, rail, The government has been striving to raise water and air. Road transport incorporates Croatia’s competitiveness to compete in a comprehensive network of state, county the large EU market and maximize the and local routes augmented by a network opportunities that membership brings, of highways for long-distance travelling. especially the absorption of a large Water transport can be divided into sea, amount of EU Structural Funds. based on the ports of Rijeka, Ploče, Split and Zadar, and river transport, based on Before the global financial crisis of Sava and Danube. Croatia has 68 airports, 2008-09, the Croatian economy grew at a nine of which are international. The healthy 4-5% annually, incomes doubled, country also has several airlines, of which and economic and social opportunities the most notable is Croatia Airlines. Rail dramatically improved. However, after the transport is fairly developed, with dual financial crisis hit, back in 2008, Croatia’s track and electrification not very common, economy contracted for six consecutive although high-speed tilting trains are used years, with the pace of the recession on some routes. However, bus still tends starting to weaken in 2014. to be more common than rail as a mode of inter-city transport. In 2015, Croatia’s recession finally came to an end, with real GDP growth reaching 1.6% in 2015 and 3.2% in 2016. Economic activity lost some steam at the end of 2017, with real GDP growth reaching 2.8%, weighing on the still positive growth outlook for 2018 and 2019 which should end up at 2.7%. A pickup in investment is set to support the pace of growth, while private consumption remains robust. Strong employment growth helps to keep the unemployment rate on a fast-declining path resulting in unemployment rate below 10% in 2018. The general government headline balance is projected to remain in surplus, leading to further reductions in the debt ratio. dfk.com +44 (0)20 7436 6722 4 Doing Business in Croatia Choice of Legal Form Company law in Croatia is governed Simple Limited Liability Company primarily by the Companies Act. The act (Croatian abbreviation: j.d.o.o.) regulates different types of business forms (see below) and contains rules on Changes and amendments of the groups of companies, mergers, divisions, Corporations Act from 2012 have enabled transformations of companies and the foundation of a company with at most 3 legal status of foreign companies. activities, 3 members of a company and 1 member of the management board. The The Companies Act recognizes three lowest share capital of a simple limited principal types of business forms: liability company is set at HRK 10,00 whilst the lowest nominal amount of the share • sole traders; interest is set at HRK 1,00. • companies of persons: general This form of a company may only be partnerships, limited partnerships, incorporated by payment of the share economic interest groupings; capital in cash. At the end of the year • companies of capital: public and ¼ of the profit of simple Ltd must be private limited liability companies. transferred in the legal reserve so that the legal capital of the company is in that way Croatian law requires all merchants increased up to HRK 20.000,00 when a (sole traders, companies of persons and simple Limited Liability Company becomes companies of capital) to register in the a regular Limited Liability Company. court register, governed by the Court Register Act. dfk.com +44 (0)20 7436 6722 Doing Business in Croatia 5 Limited Liability Company Limited Partnership (Croatian abbreviation: d.o.o.) (Croatian abbreviation: k.d.) Limited liability companies are the most Just like a general partnership, the limited common type of companies in Croatia. It partnership in Croatia can be established is one in which one or more domestic or by at least two members, individuals or foreign legal entities or citizens invest in legal entities. The difference is that at initial authorized stakes, with which they least one partner has limited liability up participate in the total authorized capital to his own contribution, while at least one as contractually set beforehand. Company member is fully liable for the company’s assets are strictly separated from the obligations and management as general property of owners. The company is liable partners. No minimum capital is required. for its debts with all its assets. The initial authorized capital of a private limited company must be shown in Croatian Silent partnership currency - Kuna (HRK). The minimum amount of initial authorized capital may The silent partnership in Croatia makes not be below HRK 20,000. no difference in terms of requirements for establishment. At least two partners are required and no minimum capital General Partnership is necessary. The main characteristic (Croatian abbreviation: j.t.d.) is that this type of partnership has a silent partner who is excluded from General partnership is the relationship the obligation to cover the losses of between two or more persons carrying the company. It is not necessary for on a business in common with a view to this partnership to register with the profit. The members of the partnership Commercial Court in Croatia. are jointly and severally liable for all debts and obligations, without limitation. No minimum capital is required. Branch/Representative office Partnership profits are shared by the Under Croatian legislation, foreign partners as income, and taxation is paid on companies and sole traders may conduct this income in exactly the same way as a business in Croatia by setting up a sole proprietor. branch office. The start-up and operation of branch offices owned by foreign companies are governed by the same regulations that apply to the establishment of branches by domestic companies. A branch office is not a legal entity. The liabilities and rights stemming from its operation do not belong to the branch office but to the founder. dfk.com +44 (0)20 7436 6722 6 Doing Business in Croatia Sole proprietorship must show par value in the currency of the Republic of Croatia. The minimum amount The sole proprietorship is the simplest of authorized capital is HRK 200,000. business form under which one can operate a business. It simply refers to a person who owns the business and is Joint venture personally responsible for its debts. A sole proprietorship can operate under the The Law on Companies regulates name of its owner or it can do business the establishment of joint-ventures, under a fictitious name. The fictitious investment in companies with mixed name is simply a trade name - it does not ownership, as well as other types of create a legal entity separate from the sole foreign or domestic investment. proprietor owner. Under Croatian law, a joint venture may operate under two legal structures: Subsidiary • a contractual joint venture A subsidiary is a company registered in Croatia but beneficiating from foreign • an equity joint venture capital. It’s considered a separated legal Anti-trust provisions apply to entity, though. The advantages of owning joint ventures. this type of business are numerous especially from a tax point of view: thanks to the vast network of double tax treaties, Trust/Foundation a subsidiary registered in Croatia must pay taxes on profits only in the country A foundation is property permanently of origin and beneficiate from abolished assigned to serve some “generally or minimized taxes on dividends paid to beneficial” or “charitable” purpose. those countries. Beneficiaries need not be the general public; a foundation is considered generally beneficial even if its activities Public Limited Company benefit only members of a particular (Croatian abbreviation: d.d.) profession, nationality, religion, or other group. A public limited company is based on capital, with owners (shareholders) A foundation is generally created by a investing in authorized capital divided donor’s “letter of establishment” and into shares. The company is liable for its administered by a director or a governing debts with all its assets. Shareholders are body pursuant to rules set forth in the not liable for the debts of the company. foundation’s charter (also called a statute). The basic document for a public limited A foundation may be established by one company is the articles of association, as or more domestic or foreign, physical or it specifies the internal organization of the legal, persons.