Ecological Microclimate Influence on Grapevine Phomopsis viticola Attack Frequency in Aiud- Ciumbrud Vineyards * 1 2 2 Sergiu SAVU , Liliana Lucia TOMOIAGA and Veronica Sanda CHEDEA 1 2Pivnita Savu, Ciumbrud, Romania Research Station for Viticulture and Enology Blaj (SCDVV Blaj), 2 Gh Baritiu St, Blaj, Romania *corresponding author: [email protected] BulletinUASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020 Print ISSN 1843-5254, Electronic ISSN 1843-5394 DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-hort: 2020.0026 Abstract Phomopsis viticola Cryptosporella viticola Shear, Diaporthe viticola , Diplodia viticola , Fusicoccum viticolum , Phoma flaccida Phoma viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. (syn. Nitschke Desm Reddick VialaPhomopsis & Ravaz, viticola Sacc.), is the causal agent of the grapevine disease named ‘Phomopsis cane’ and ‘Leaf spot’ in the U.S.A. or ‘Excoriose’ in Europe. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the microclimate on attack in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards. The observations were done on four plots in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards in the period March-August 2020. Up to the end of August 2020, ten treatments with contact and systemic products based on metiram and sulphour were done together with the other standard agro-technological operations. In the ecological conditions of spring-summer 2020, with higher temperature than the average in January, February, March and June, more rain than the average in February, March and June and less rain in January, April and May, we found frequencyPhomopsis of the excoriosis viticola in the range of 4%-12% at the beginning of the season. After the fungicide treatments, the attack frequency decreased up to 0%-7%. In the present research work, we show that in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards attack was presentKeywords and influenced by the microclimate conditions and also it was reducedPhomopsis by viticolathe fungicide treatments. : Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards, attack frequency, microclimate, Introduction Phomopsis viticola Crypto- sporella viticola Shear, Diaporthe viticola the 1900s in North America by plant pathologist , Diplodia viticola(Sacc.) Sacc. , (syn.Fusicoccum Donald Reddick at the Cornell University State viticolum , Phoma flaccida Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New PhomaNitschke viticola Desm York. The fungus, was associated with symptoms Reddick Viala & Ravaz, resembling what we know today as Phomopsis Sacc.) (https://www.cabi.org/ cane and leafet al.spot and Phomopsis dieback isc/datasheet/40489) is the causal agent of the characterised by grapevine cankers and dieback grapevine disease named ‘Phomopsis Phomopsiscane’ and (Urbez-Torres , 2013). The most characteristic viticola‘Leaf spot’ in the U.S.A. or ‘Excoriose’ in Europe. symptoms attributed to Phomopsis dieback, one Because the preferred scientific name is of the grapevine trunk diseases, are perennial (Sacc.) Sacc., we will use it further etcankers al. in the frameworket al. of the vine and lack (https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40489). of budbreak from infected spurs (Urbez-Torres The pathogen has been showed for the first time , 2013; Gramaje , 2018). Symptoms of in studies conducted during the first decade of Phomopsis dieback were shown to be particularly Phomopsis viticola 65 Ecological Microclimate Influence on Grapevine Attack Frequency in Aiud-Ciumbrud Vineyards et al. high in vineyardset al. severly affected by Phomopsis In Romania, Excoriose was found in vineyards cane and leaf Diaporthespot (Baumgartner , 2013; in Valea Călugarească Odobeşti, Coreteşti– Urbez-Torres , 2013). Presently, seven specieset Vrancea, Pietroasele and Drăgăşani (Oprea and al.in the genera et have al., been shown to be Podosu, 2008). Generally, in Transylvania the etpathogenic al., on grapevineet al., wood (Baumgartner grapevine trunk diseases affect up to 5% of the , 2013; Dissanayake 2015; Urbez-Torres vineyards although there are also vineyards most virulent2013; Gramaje P. viticola 2018). Among them, wherePhomopsis the incidence viticola of the attack exceeds 15% Phomopsis dieback is primarily caused by the (Tomoiaga and Chedea, 2020). Excoriose caused , whichet al. has longGramaje been by waset al., also reported for the etknown al., as the causal agent of the Phomopsis cane Tarnave vineyards together with other grapevine (Phillips, 2000; Urbez-Torres , 2013; trunk diseases (Comsa 2012). 2018). The area of ​​the Ciumbrud hills is appreciated It has been shown that spore release, and by specialists as one of the oldest and most hence high risk infection periods, vary throughout famous wine-growing areas in Transylvania and the growing season depending on the fungal in the whole country, in which there are two large pathogen and geographical location, but primarily vineyards, Târnavelor and Alba Iulia. The village overlap with dormant pruning seasons ascospores of Ciumbrud, together with its vineyards is part and conidia are released under favorable environ- of the Alba Iulia Vineyard, also called the Wine mental conditions, which are primarily associated Country. The Ciumbrud POD and table wines are with rain events and/or high relative humidityet generally white dry and semidry. Phomopsis al.,along with temperatureset al., above freezing, whichet al., viticolaIn this context, this study aims to evaluate also favor spore germination (Úrbez-Torres the influence of the microclimate on 2010, van Niekerk 2010; Gramaje attack as well as its management with 2018). Spores are then spread from pycnidia or fungicideMaterials treatments and methodsin Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards. perithecia by rain droplets, wind, or arthropods until they land on susceptible pruninget wounds al., to germinateet al., and start colonizinget al., new xylem vessels The observations were done on four plots and pith parenchyma cells (Mostert 2006; (Fig. 1) in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards in the period Moyo 2014; Gramaje 2018). March-August 2020. Figure 1. The spatial distribution of the four plots examined for the excoriose frequency in the Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyardBulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020 66 et al. SAVU The information regarding the four plots, The evaluations of excoriosis symptoms pre- sur face, altitude, number of examined vines, vine sence on vines werePhomopsis done threeviticola times, first in rows orientation, vine age and the embankment 13.03.2020, second in 27.06.2020 and third in are shown in Table 1. 16.08.2020. The ’s frequency Table. 1. (F) was calculated using the following formula: The experimental plots used in this study as well as their surface, altitude, number of vines examined and marked, rows orientation, vine age and embankment examined no. No. of vines orientation ment Plot Altitude Vine rows Vine age Embank- Plot name Surface (m) (years) and marked 1 ‘CHISAUAS’- ‘Muresan’ 0.84 310 3000 N-S 41 No 2 ‘CHISAUAS’ –‘Tinca’ 0.62 315 2000 E-V 41 No 3 RS (Traminer) 0.30 230 1000 N-S 39 No 4 Sancrai – Terase 0.80 230-240 3366 N-S 40 Yes Table. 2. Treatments applied for grapevine fungal diseases and pests in Ciumbrud vineyard for the period March-August 2020 no. Treatment Active substance 13.03.2020-first Phomopsis viticola frequency evaluation 1 Copper Sulphate Pentahidrate+ Sulphur 80% Copper hydroxide + 50% Metallic copper 2 Abamectin 18 g/l Sulphur 80% 55 % Metiram, 5 % Pyraclostrobin 3 Sulphur 80% Fosetyl-aluminium 50% + Folpet 25% Sulphur 80% 4 Cypermethrin (100 g/L). 240 g/l Myclobutanil Cyclohexanone Trifloxystrobin 250 g/kg + Tebuconazole 500 g/kg 5 Fosetyl-aluminium +Fluopicolide Fosetyl-aluminium 50% + Folpet 25% 240 g/l Myclobutanil Cyclohexanone 6 Cypermethrin (100 g/L) Boron 15%-ethanolamine 27.06.2020-second Phomopsis viticola frequency evaluation 7 65% Mancozeb + 4% Benalaxil M + Metrafenone 500 g/l + Sulphur 80% 5% Mandipropamid 40% Folpet 8 Sulphur 80% 300 g/l Fluxapiroxad 5% Mandipropamid, 40% Folpet, Sulphur 80% 9 Fluopyram 75 g/L + Spiroxamine 200 g/L 500 g/l Clofentezine + Copper hydroxide + 50% Metallic Cu 10 Sulphur 80% + Copper sulfphate pentahidrated 16.08.2020-third Phomopsis viticola frequency evaluation Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020 Phomopsis viticola 67 Ecological Microclimate Influence on Grapevine Attack Frequency in Aiud-Ciumbrud Vineyards (number of vines with symptoms/ total number of grapevine. The hills occupy approximately 40% examined vines) × 100; applied for all four plots. of the surface of the out-of-town territory, having Up to the end of August 2020, ten treatments a dominant E-V orientation, with slopes reaching thewith other contact standard and systemic products based on. values ​​of 8-18 degrees. The eastern slopes are metiram and sulphour were done together with gentler and longer, the western ones fall steeply agro-technological operations above the Mureș. Slope orientation is dependent Treatments were applied with varied products on the southern regions, as it is closer or farther and they are listed in Table 2. from them. The climatic data for the studied period The geographical location of Ciumbrud frames were collected from the vineyard and also the locality and the Aiud area in the temperate downloaded from https://www.meteoblue.com/ onecontinental hand and climate, the local with peculiarities slight moments and the of excess active ro. The experimental data were analyzed with due to the general circulation of the atmosphere on the Statview 5.0 program performing one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Fisher relief surface on the other. The wide corridor of protected least significant difference (PSLD) test. Mureș favors the western circulation through The average and SEM (standard error