UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST A STYLISTIC STUDY OF CHARACTERISATION AND POINT OF VIEW IN CHINUA ACHEBE’S ANTHILLS OF THE SAVANNAH: A FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC PERSPECTIVE BY ISAAC NUOKYAA-IRE MWINLAARU Thesis submitted to the Department of English of the Faculty of Arts, University of Cape Coast, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of Master of Philosophy Degree in English FEBRUARY, 2012 1 DECLARATION Candidate’s Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own original work and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this university or elsewhere. Candidate’s Signature: .............................. Date: .......................... Name: Isaac Nuokyaa-Ire Mwinlaaru Supervisors’ Declaration We hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of the thesis were supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Cape Coast. Principal Supervisor’s Signature: ....................... Date: ......................... Name: Professor Lawrence K. Owusu-Ansah Co-Supervisor’s Signature: ................................ Date: ......................... Name: Dr. Joseph Arko 2 ABSTRACT Following insights from stylistic studies on European literature and a few earlier attempts on the stylistic analysis of African literature, there has been a recent growing interest in the stylistic analysis of the African novel. The present study is meant to contribute to this growing body of studies by using the Hallidayian model of transitivity to explore Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah. The aim of the study is two-fold. First, foregrounded transitivity patterns associated with six characters are explored in relation to character and the thematic concern of the novel. Second, the study investigates the relationship between point of view and the transitivity patterns in which a character is inscribed. The study demonstrates that five of the six characters, namely, Sam, Beatrice, Ikem, Elewa, and Agatha are stereotypes of key social actors in post- independence West Africa. These stereotype characters create a background for Achebe to foreground his socio-political ideology. Through systematic changes in the transitivity patterns Chris is associated with, Achebe urges the enlightened but apathetic citizen to rise up and transform his society through struggle. Regarding point of view, the study reveals variations in the presentation of character through transitivity patterning across the various narrative viewpoints used in the novel. The study confirms Systemic Functional Linguistic theory that the linguistic features of a text normally reflect its ideational concern. It also has implications for further research in narratology, stylistic studies, and studies on Anthills. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a thesis is a very stressful endeavour and cannot be successful without the assistance of other people. I, therefore, wish to express my sincere gratitude to a number of people who assisted me in the course of the study. First of all, I express my profound gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Lawrence K. Owusu-Ansah and Dr. Joseph Arko, both of the Department of English, University of Cape Coast (UCC), for their enormous contributions to this study. I thank you for your patience and for enduring the pressure I put on you. I also thank you for the encouragement you gave me, for your constructive criticisms and for the many reading materials you gave me. I give special thanks to Professor Yaw Sekyi-Baidoo, a Visiting Associate Professor of the Department of English, UCC, for the innumerable assistance he has given me. Professor Sekyi-Baidoo guided me in choosing a topic and in selecting a novel for this study. He again taught me how to use Microsoft excel to analyse my data, not to mention also the encouragement and faith he had in me. I thank Dr. G. S. K. Adika, University of Ghana, Mr. R. S. Ngula and Mr. R. Asempasah, both of the Department of English, UCC, for reading my work. I thank Dr. V. K. Yankah and Mr. Emmanuel Saboro for offering me reading materials. I also thank Dr. Dora F. Edu-Buandoh, Dr. J. B. A. Afful, and Mr. Leonard Acquah for their frequent enquiries on my progress, which made me more determined to finish this work in time. It was in fact Dr. Edu- Buandoh who advised and persuaded me to pursue the M.Phil (English) programme. 4 I thank Mr. Daniel O. Adjei and Mr. Daniel Okyere-Darko, both of the Department of English, UCC, for showing interest in my work and encouraging me to finish in time. I also thank my mates - Adamu Musa, Alfred Owusu-Ansah, Rita Arhin, Charity Yamoah, Rauf Abudulai, Eunice Eshun, Betty Dontwe, Mrs. Helen Ahialey, and Mr. George Sackey - for their assistance and encouragement. I am most proud to have you as my mates. I thank WinCharles Coker for innumerable guidance and assistance. Osei Y. Akoto, thank you for being one of my raters for the inter-reliability test. I thank the administrative and library staff of the Department of English, especially, Annabel A. Ackon, for their various forms of assistance. I also thank the following people for other forms of assistance: Christabel A. Sam, Samuel A. Kwapong, Phyllis Boffah, all of UCC; Winston Mills- Lamptey and Ernest Bansah, both of Sammo Senior High School; and Matthew Bediako, Bibiani SHS. Finally, I thank my parents, Mr. M. V. Charles and Mrs. Clothilda B. Vendogfu as well as my uncles/aunts, brothers, and sisters for their encouragement, love, spiritual backing and financial assistance. But for space, the list could be longer than this. I say a sincere thank you to all other people who helped me in one way or the other in the course of this study. 5 DEDICATION To my parents Mr. Charles V. Mwinlaaru and Mrs. Clothilda B. Vendogfu 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION ii ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv DEDICATION vi LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Background to the Study 1 Motivation for the Study 4 Statement of the Problem 5 Purpose of the Study 6 Research Questions 7 Assumptions Underlying the Study 7 Significance of the Study 9 Delimitation of the Study 11 Overview of the Thesis 12 Summary of Chapter 13 TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 14 Introduction 14 Theoretical Perspective 14 Application of Systemic Functional Linguistics to the Present Study 19 7 Key Concepts 21 Transitivity 21 Foregrounding 32 Character and Characterisation 34 Point of View 38 Some Literary Studies that have Employed the Transitivity Model 42 Some Studies on Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah 58 Relationship between Previous Studies and the Present Study 69 Summary of Chapter 70 THREE RESEARCH CONTEXT AND METHODOLOGY 72 Introduction 72 Socio-Historical Context of Anthills of the Savannah 72 Narrative Structure and a Plot Summary of Anthills of the Savannah 76 Motivation for the Selection of Text 80 Research Design 80 Method of Analysis 84 Procedure of Analysis 87 Summary of Chapter 89 FOUR TRANSITIVITY AND CHARACTER 90 Introduction 90 Sam 90 Christopher Oriko 100 Beatrice Oko 113 8 Ikem Osodi 119 Elewa 123 Agatha 131 Summary of Chapter 135 FIVE TRANSITIVITY, POINT OF VIEW AND CHARACTER 137 Introduction 137 Christopher Oriko 137 Ikem Osodi 148 Beatrice Oko 153 Summary of Chapter 164 SIX CONCLUSION 166 Introduction 166 Summary of Aims and Methods 166 Key Findings 168 Conclusions 172 Implications of the Study 173 Recommendations for Future Research 176 Summary of Chapter 178 REFERENCES 179 APPENDICES 189 A A Sample Analysis of Transitivity Patterns Associated with Characters 189 B Distribution of Process Types Associated with Characters across Points of View 190 C Distribution of Participant Roles Associated with Chris 9 across Points of View 191 D Distribution of Participant Roles Associated with Ikem across Points of View 192 E Distribution of Participant Roles Associated with Beatrice across Points of View 193 10 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Process Types, their Meanings and Characteristic Participants 30 2 Distribution of Transitivity Patterns across Languages in 53 Rodrigues’s Study 3 Circumstances Associated with Sam’s Material Processes 98 4 Circumstances Associated with Sam’s Verbal Processes 99 5 Differences in the Presentation of Crying between Elewa and Beatrice 128 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Basic System 15 2 Transitivity Represented as System Network 16 11 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Literature is said to be an imaginative piece of work. Thus, unlike historical records, parliamentary documents and other forms of ordinary language use, literature is a fictional representation of the world of consciousness. Yet literary texts are produced under certain historical, social, cultural and political circumstances and they tend to reflect these circumstances. The source of themes, characters and even the events we find in literary works is society. Creative writers often represent both their individual experiences and the collective experiences of their societies in their writings. A literary work can thus provide an in-depth depiction of the cultural, social, religious, economic and political outlook of a people more than history textbooks and anthropological records always do (Diamond, 1989). Although the extent to which literary works approximate social and cultural reality may vary across historical epochs and literary genres, African literature in essence and origin is tied with historical, cultural and societal issues. The African novel, for instance, emerged as a kind of reaction to the negative views about the history of Africa and Africans, which were developed in Europe in order to justify the Transatlantic Slave Trade and colonialism (Reddy, 1994). In the years immediately before and a few years after the independence of many African states, the novel was meant to 12 reconstruct and assert the true cultural identity of the African people and assure them “that their past—with all its imperfections—was not one long night of savagery from which the Europeans acting on God’s behalf delivered them” (Achebe, 1965, p.30).