COMMON AND DIFFERING IMPACTS OF THE EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF SWEDEN AND POLAND A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Katarzyna M. Polanska IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Advisers: Professor Ann Hironaka and Professor Joachim J. Savelsberg December 2012 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want to thank my advisors, Ann Hironaka and Joachim Savelsberg. Ann’s excellent guidance, caring, patience, and encouragement truly kept me going. She was always available to discuss my ideas, and provide feedback and suggestions on how to strengthen my arguments. Joachim’s feedback was invaluable and conversations with him led to many of the ideas put forth; his comments and critiques enriched the work. Countless conversations with these two intelligent mentors helped focus and improve my work. I cannot thank them enough. I also benefitted from my superb dissertation committee. Its members provided important input and critique at various stages of research and writing. Ron Aminzade reminded me of the importance of considering a variety of forces in the study of social phenomena and his comments improved my arguments. Joseph Gerteis provided excellent suggestions on how to clarify of my arguments, suggested methods, and challenged me to strengthen the project in a variety of ways. I also thank Helga Leitner for her thoughtful critique and support over the years. During my time at the University of Minnesota, I took a number of excellent and intellectually stimulating classes and met a number of other faculty who left an impression and inspired me in a variety of ways including Jeffrey Broadbent, Liz Boyle, Robin Stryker, and Evan Schofer. Our sociology professors and my first graduate class in sociology were the reason I switched from a Ph.D. program in political science to sociology. In the early years in the program, I had the honor to work as Research Director at the International Women’s Rights Action Watch, a non-governmental human rights organization housed at Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. I am thankful to its then director, Marsha Freeman, for her mentorship and encouragement to pursue graduate study. I have been fortunate to teach sociology at the University of Alaska Southeast in Ketchikan, Alaska; Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut; and American Public University System, based in Charles Town, West Virginia during the dissertation phase of my graduate career. Many supportive and intelligent people kept me going when dissertation writing proved difficult, and teaching provided an excellent counterbalance to research and writing. I am especially indebted to Victoria Stay, Bill Urquhart, Steve Lilley, Monte Bute, Priscilla Schulte, and to all my students at these institutions over the years. I studied at the University of Minnesota with exceptional graduate students. I respect and have a deep appreciation for them all. I cannot name them all, but I thank especially Susan Mlangwa, Xi Zhu, Vania Brightman Cox, and Lara Cleveland. Thanks also go to the amazing staff members over the years, including Mary, Hollis, Jessica, Hilda, Robert, Ann, and Becky, and others who have built a supportive community at the department. i Special thanks to Joanna Jasiewicz and Sławomir Łodzinski who shared their unpublished research and documents with me. I appreciate the support of many friends who believed in me and supported me over the years including Halina Bienkowski, Kathy Bolling, Barbara Failing, Kathleen Fast, Wojtek Golda, Zbigniew Frankowski, Margo Laskowska, Mira Nockel, Grzegorz Sarzynski, and Ewa Welland. They were always available when I needed to talk about my dissertation work or about anything else. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their love and encouragement. My mother, Barbara, provided constant support and encouragement. My uncle, Fred, encouraged and motivated me in the later stages of writing and especially when I had little motivation left. My children, Diana and Radek, kept me grounded reminding me what is truly important. Kasia Polanska University of Minnesota, Twin Cities November 2012 ii Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 7 Political Opportunity Structures................................................................................................... 8 Welfare States and Corporatism Literature ........................................................................... 11 Nationalism, Cultural Identity, and Collective Memory Literature ............................... 12 Neoinstitutional Approaches ...................................................................................................... 14 World Polity Approaches ........................................................................................................................... 14 Isomorphism, but… ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Other Approaches in the Study of Europe .............................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 2: METHOD AND CASE SELECTION ...................................................... 21 Quantitative Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 24 Sources ............................................................................................................................................................. 30 Coding .............................................................................................................................................................. 34 OLS Regression ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Qualitative Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 35 The Logic of Case Selection ...................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3: EUROPEAN MINORITY PROTECTION INSTITUTIONS ............ 39 AND NORMS ............................................................................................................................ 39 Obligations of EU Member States Concerning Minorities ................................................. 43 EU state parties to the Framework Convention ................................................................... 52 Framework Convention Monitoring Mechanism: Periodic Country Reviews ........... 58 CHAPTER 4: ALL EU STATES: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS .............................. 69 OLS Multiple Regression Results ............................................................................................... 69 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY 1: SWEDEN ....................................................................... 75 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 75 Overview of Sweden’s History and National Identity Formation ................................... 79 Sweden’s Ethnic and Linguistic Minorities............................................................................. 82 Sámi ................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Swedish Finns ................................................................................................................................................ 86 Tornedalers ...................................................................................................................................................... 87 Roma ................................................................................................................................................................. 88 Jews ................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Other Minority Groups and Immigrants ................................................................................................ 92 Sweden’s Legal Framework for Minorities and Minority Policies ................................. 95 Anti-Discrimination Law ............................................................................................................................ 96 Minority Protection Legislation............................................................................................................. 103 Critical Evaluation of the Legislative Framework for Minorities ................................. 111 iii Criticism .......................................................................................................................................................